Anthro 102 Exam 2

3rd Gender

(examples of the Xanith, Berdache, Fa'fafine, and Hijra.)

Potlatch

A Native American celebration meant to show wealth and divide property among the people

What is a descent system and why does it matter?

A descent system exists for the means of classifying kin relations and groups. It matters because it gives insight on how individuals view the society around them based on the terms they use for consanguineal and affinal relations.

Arranged Marriage

marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

Exogamy

marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group

Avunculocal

live with groom's mother's brother.

Kwatluti

man marries chief's kneecap.

endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

Residence patterns

where you live after marriage.

Dowry

wife's family gives wealth to husband's family.

Igbo marriage

woman woman marriage.

Patrilocal

bride goes to live with the groom's family or village.

What is the difference between matrilineal and patrilineal descent?

--Cross cousins from any side of the unilineal descent spectrum don't count as relatives. Only parallel ones. -A matrilineal descent system only classifies an individual's mother's side of the family as kinsmen. This would include herself, her children, her brother(s) and sister(s) (but only the sister's children count), as well as any other ascending female relatives (such as mother's mother and great-aunts) and so on. -A patrilineal descent system only classifies an individual's father's side of the family as kinsmen. This includes: father, his children, his brother(s) and sister(s) (but only the brother's children count), as well as any other ascending male relatives (such as father's father and great-uncles) and so on.

Marriage Patterns

-Cultural norms and laws identify people as suitable or unsuitable marriage partners. -In industrial societies, laws prescribe monogamy (marriage between two people). -Polygamy - marriage that unites three or more.

What are the functions of marriage

-Regulates sexual access and reproduction. -Provides the legal economic and social obligations to care for offspring produced from the union, as well as their new family members. -Forms alliances between families and extends their social networks.

Machismo

A sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness.

Clan

A series of lineages

Market Exchange

An economic system in which goods and services are bought and exchanged for money. The price is often determined by supply and demand. This is the exchange system of globalization.

Pastoralists

Animals are privately owned. Grass and water are owned by specific groups/clans.

Why do many find arranged marriages to be good in India

Arranged marriages are viewed as a great idea in India since there's no worry about competition between members of the opposite sex. Unmarried men and women don't even hang out with each other. An individual's family members operate as "matchmaker" for them because their judgement will make new ties between 2 families. Individuals don't waste time worrying about who they'll marry because they know the opportunity to learn about their partner will be when they start their new chapter as a married couple.

Describe the three major types of residence/domestic groups

Bilocal residence - the couple chooses between living with the bride's family or the groom's family. Patrilocal residence - the wife must move into her groom's family home. Matrilocal residence - the husband moves into her bride's mother's home. Avunculocal residence - the wife moves into her husband's mother's brother's home. Neolocal - the couple moves into their own new and independent home.

Consanguineal kin

Biological kin

Industrialist

Capital/money is privately owned.

Agriculture

Characterized by even more private property. Land, homes, and water are privately owned.

Cross cousins

Children of parent's opposite sex siblings (example: father's sister's children orMother's brother's children.)

Parallel cousins

Children of parent's same sex siblings Your mother's sister's children or your father's brother's children.

Why do cross verses parallel cousins make a difference in unilineal descent systems?

Cross cousins are the children of a parent's siblings of the opposite sex (father's sisters or mother's brother's), whereas parallel cousins are children of the same-sex sibling of a parent. It makes all the difference in a unilineal society because it alters which cross-cousins will be related to you depending on whether it's under the rule of matrilineal or patrilineal system. This detail determines the importance of a relative's title, hence affecting an individual's social obligations to this specific relation.

Affinal kin/affines

Culturally related/by marriage

Northwest Coast Indians

Culture Area that used the forest of cedar trees for its homes, clothing, baskets, and canoes; known for tall carvings called totem poles

Redistribution

Exchange in which goods are collected by some central authority and then distributed to members of a group according to the social norms of what is appropriate.

According to each subsistence system, what is the likely descent system and why?

Foragers and Industrialists: Bilateral -- From an industrialist society perspective, the extended family doesn't matter as much. We still identify both mother's and father's relatives but in the U.S., the normative idea of family is a nuclear family. Thanksgiving is the one day when the extended family is treated with more significance. From our industrialist perspective, by identifying this larger group of family, it makes things complicated to keep up with and facilitates isolation between relatives.-- Whereas in a foraging society, it's advantageous to run into kinsmen while scavenging for resources. Horticulturalists, Agriculturalists, and Pastoralists: Unilineal -- Resources owned by kinsmen get passed down through a single lineage (matrilineal or patrilineal). Think about how privately owned property will get inherited by family members. It guarantees a trading business from which comes a stable lifestyle between kin. These corporate lines of inheritance are especially common in societies with cultivation.

How is gender different than sex?

Gender refers to the social classification of masculine and feminine while sex is the biological differences between men and women

Factors in kin terminology

Gender, generation, relative age (old or young), sex of linking relatives or marriage.

Bride Service

Husband must work for bride's family.

Describe Japanese marriages

In Japan, couples don't stay married for romance and compatibility. It's about economic stability and support for their children. In the first place, Japanese couples have low expectations of their partner so that an extra-marital affair won't provoke divorce. The couples are patient with one another. There's also a cultural concern about shame in Japan. Divorce may rob individuals of their work position. Today, divorce is more commonly found and accepted.

Describe the historic pattern of marriage in Tibet and the circumstances that produce it.

In Tibet, the marriage custom of fraternal polyandry has worked as an adaptive mechanism against the unmanageable climate and infertile soil which do not permit for a production of surplus. A set generation of brothers jointly marry a woman as a means of economically maintaining their resources as a unit. Brothers want to stay together because this brings a fair share of wealth from the labor produced on their land. One brother tends to animals, another brother tills the field, mom takes care of the children, all the while the eldest brother helps her, or, he's also contributing to their wealth by sustaining their higher standards of living. This idea of hereditary servitude reflects serfdom found in Europe...

Horticulture

Land/fallow land is owned by a group/kin group. There are longhouses/corporate housing.

Descriptive kin system

Many distinctions/different kin terms (example: Sudanese.)

Key Cultures in Gender Role

Nukumanu Igbo Massai China India Agta Spain United States Mexico Samoan Zuni Nandi Tlingit

Lineage

Number of extended families tracing back 5-6 generations

The change in the roles of women in urban Turkey

One factor responsible for change of the roles in women's lives in urban Turkey has been due to forces of globalization. Turkish women knit sweaters as a part of their new identity and social obligation as a daughter-in-law (from her husband's relatives' perspectives.) Their produced piecework may be passed down to family, or now a days, gets sold by their social connections with the resources to make profit from their labor. Ultimately, it's an exploitative tactic since we're familiar with how it's priced with inflation when it enters the market system.

Foragers

Primary assets are land, animals, and resting place. Land is not owned but there are right to use it.

Why were the anthropologists, in "Too Many Bananas" unable to purchase the watermelon?

The anthropologists in "Too Many Bananas" were unable to purchase watermelon because the Trobriand Island horticulturalists didn't run under a market system, so nothing would be paid for, but instead reciprocated (only under this unique occasion). Also, it was disreputable for the chief to have guests pay for a watermelon since since it's unfair to residents who weren't accustomed to that economic style.

What is the subsistence strategy and economic system of the Northwest Coast Indian groups shown in the film, "Crooked Beak of Heaven"?

The economic system for the Northwest Coast Indian groups is redistribution as showcased by the potlatching ceremony in the film. Their subsistence strategy is foraging with a focus on salmon.

What is the major difference between bilateral and unilineal descent systems?

The main difference between the bilateral and unilineal descent systems is that from a bilateral descent system perspective, both the maternal and paternal sides' of the families equally matter. In a unilineal descent system, there's tradition in place to determine who's side of the family you're related to. Therefore, there's no overlapping of categories of kin in this system. Consider the Crow Indians as an example since they must marry into a single group of ancestors. In this case, they have a matrilineal system whereas the Omaha Indians are patrilineal.

kin terms

The words (labels) that an individual uses to refer to his or her relatives of various kinds

classificatory kin system)

When lots of kin are categorized under the same kin name (example: The term "uncle" in American/western culture can apply to a lot of different Male kin within the family.)

If two people have the same kin term, how should ego treat them?

When two kinsmen are classified under the same title, ego should treat them of equal status and with equal obligation.

Eskimo culture

a member of an indigenous people inhabiting northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and eastern Siberia, traditionally living by hunting (especially of seals) and by fishing.

Incest taboo

a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

Polyandry

a woman can have more than one husband.

patrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the male line

bilateral

both sides

Leverate

brother of dead husband marries widow.

Initiation rites

ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position

Sudanese culture

descriptive

Modes of reciprocity

generalized, balanced, negative

Matrilocal

groom goes to live with the bride's family or village.

Bridewealth

groom's family gives wealth to bride's family.

Polygyny

husbands can have more than one wife.

Sororate

if wife dies, her family provides another female (preferably sister) to widower.

Division of labor by sex

important principle in societies where everyone is doing the same task/food gathering), age, job specialization (only in industrialism and agriculture)

Monogamy

one marriage at a time.

unilateral

one-sided

fictive kin

recognition of relatedness/ adoption base

matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the female line

descent systems

rules for assigning social identity based on how a specific culture defines ancestry

Neolocal

the bride and groom establish a new residence.

Fraternal polyandry

the marriage of a woman to two or more brothers at the same time

Gender Stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

What is the key resource for each subsistence strategy and how it is owned (if it can be owned at all)?

~Foraging -Land and resources owned by a group of kinsmen. (example: San Bushmen). (Reciprocity) The Kwakiutl are an atypical example of foragers due to hosting Potlatch, an event held as part of their tribal economic system. (Flow of goods and wealth to the people). ~Horticulturalists -Land owned by kinsmen + corporate housing (longhouses). (Redistribution). (example: Trobriand Islanders). ~Pastoralists -Privately owned animals. Land ownership assigned to kinsmen by government. (Market system -People will sell the surplus products from their animals). (example: Maasai). ~Intensive cultivation -Household and property are privately owned. (Market system + Household is an economic unit since a family organizes the production, consumption, and distribution among themselves.). (example: Chipas district of Mexico). ~industrialism -Capital makes it so everything's privately owned. (Market system). (example: United States)