Anthro Final
Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived about _____ million years ago.
7
The study of how languages change through time and how they may be related is:
historical linguistics
Archaeologists speak of domestication only when there is evidence that plants and animals show a _________ wild plants and animals.
difference from
The Mbuti people practice which form of social stratification?
egalitarian
Undisputed bipedal early hominids lived in _______ about 4 million years ago.
East Africa
Mendel's units of heredity were what we now call ____________.
genes
The various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations is called ________.
genetic drift
Gregor Mendel was a pioneer in the field of ____________.
genetics
Which of the following is NOT a stated explanation for marriage?
guaranteed sexual satisfaction
The study of anthropology may be useful for all of the following except:
helping us determine which culture traits are the best.
Anthropology takes a(n) __________ approach that includes a wide geographic and historical range.
holistic
If two genes—or alleles—for a trait are the same, the organism is ________ for the trait.
homozygous
Anthropology includes all of the following except:
how insect colonies are organized
The shift to food production is called the
Neolithic Revolution
______________ spear points are found in many locations in North America.
Clovis
Anthropologists speculate that early stone tools found in East Africa were made by
Early Homo
Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.
Fertile Crescent
Toward the end of the Acheulian period a technique was developed, called the __________ method, which enabled the toolmaker to produce flake tools of a predetermined size.
Levalloisian
Anthropologist Donald Johanson found 40 percent of the skeleton of a female hominid at Hadar; he named it __________ after the Beatles song.
Lucy
Some archaeologists suggest that states first evolved in
Mesopotamia
______________ is a change in the DNA sequence that can produce an altered gene.
Mutation
The fossil that Raymond Dart discovered was that of
a young child
___________ is/are variant forms of language.
dialects
As more fossils of Sivapithecus were discovered, scholars recognized it was remarkably similar in facial structure to
orangutans
Settled life is called
sedentarism
Robust australopithecines include all of the following EXCEPT
A. africanus
______________ is the exchange of sections of chromosomes between one chromosome.
Crossing-over
Based on similarities in biological traits such as tooth forms and blood types, anthropologists agree that Native Americans originally came from
Asia
The best known genus of proto-ape from the Miocene is the
Proconsul
A major reason for the decline of states appears to be
environmental degradation
Humans display __________. That is, the females and males of the species exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance.
sexual dimorphism
Which of the following theories explains the differences between male and female roles based on the greater aerobic capacity of males?
strength theory
All of the following are "costs" of bipedalism EXCEPT
the hands were freed for other tasks
A strong opponent of evolution was
Georges Cuvier.
The largest of the surviving apes are
gorillas
The prosimians resemble other mammals _________ the anthropoid primates do.
more than
The minimal unit of sound that conveys a particular meaning is a
morpheme
Differences in Neandertal skulls from modern human skulls include the following, EXCEPT for ___________.
protruding chins
Primates are characterized as
steroscopic
A __________ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.
caste
In societies with a high female contribution to primary subsistence,
infants are fed solid foods earlier, girls are likely to be trained to be industrious, and baby girls are more valued.
Y chromosome evidence traces descent only from
males
Humans evolved from earlier __________ that are now extinct.
primates
With matrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent group as his
sister's son
The famous footprints of Australopithecus were found at
Laetoli
The order Primates is usually subdivided into two suborders: the prosimians and the
anthropoids
What is the least common form of residence pattern?
avunculocal
Many of the excavated home sites from the Middle Paleolithic in Europe and the Near East are located in
caves
A __________ language is one which developed from a pidgin language.
creole
Anthropologists can generate interpretations on the basis of worldwide comparisons by looking for differences between those societies having, and those lacking, a particular characteristic. This type of research is called __________.
cross-cultural research
In the Australian aboriginal land rights case, the idea that people arose in the central desert from ancestral creatures is from what point of view?
emic
The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society is known as:
enculturation
The __________ seeks to understand how and why peoples of today and the recent past differ in their customary ways of thinking and acting.
ethnologist
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that
language is a force in its own right, that affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality.
Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is
learned and shared
_________ is the strongest evidence used by the Out of Africa theorists to support their theory.
mtDNA
The two main theories about the origin of Modern humans are the single-origin theory and the ___________theory.
multiregional
Old World monkeys have the same _________ as apes and humans.
number of teeth
The observable appearance of a pea plant is called its
phenotype
A __________ is a sound to a linguist.
phoneme
A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources but not to prestige?
rank
The concept of ____________ suggested that the earth is constantly subject to shaping and reshaping by natural forces working over vast stretches of time.
uniformitarianism
With which animal have researchers demonstrated the symbolic meaning of certain forms of communication used naturally in the wild?
vervet monkeys
One way a society may reflect its corresponding culture is in its lexical content, or ________.
vocabulary
The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities is called:
cultural relativism
Tools found at Natufian sites suggest they harvested _________ intensively.
wild grain
In the state, many people are relieved of the need for
food production
Which of the following is NOT a behavioral ability of hominids?
being arboreal
Which of the following hominid characteristics came first?
bipedalism
The earliest writing systems are about _____ years old.
6,000
By A.D. 500, there were over ____________ people in Teotihuacán.
100,000
In __________, fossils were found in the Neander Valley, near Düsseldorf, Germany.
1856
The only source of change for mitochondrial DNA is random mutation, which is thought to occur at the rate of
2 percent per million years
A person's ____________ can tell a lot about the person's background.
accent
Evidence of increased long-distance trade comes from villages established
after the rise of food production
A common primate trait is
all of the above
__________ descent affiliates an individual with kin related to him or her through men or women.
ambilineal
The presumed common ancestor of apes and modern humans lived about ____ million years ago.
6
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that _____________.
different species develop one from another
A pidgin language
is a simplified language based on the language of a dominant group.