Anthro Final

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived about _____ million years ago.

7

The study of how languages change through time and how they may be related is:

historical linguistics

Archaeologists speak of domestication only when there is evidence that plants and animals show a _________ wild plants and animals.

difference from

The Mbuti people practice which form of social stratification?

egalitarian

Undisputed bipedal early hominids lived in _______ about 4 million years ago.

East Africa

Mendel's units of heredity were what we now call ____________.

genes

The various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations is called ________.

genetic drift

Gregor Mendel was a pioneer in the field of ____________.

genetics

Which of the following is NOT a stated explanation for marriage?

guaranteed sexual satisfaction

The study of anthropology may be useful for all of the following except:

helping us determine which culture traits are the best.

Anthropology takes a(n) __________ approach that includes a wide geographic and historical range.

holistic

If two genes—or alleles—for a trait are the same, the organism is ________ for the trait.

homozygous

Anthropology includes all of the following except:

how insect colonies are organized

The shift to food production is called the

Neolithic Revolution

______________ spear points are found in many locations in North America.

Clovis

Anthropologists speculate that early stone tools found in East Africa were made by

Early Homo

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

Fertile Crescent

Toward the end of the Acheulian period a technique was developed, called the __________ method, which enabled the toolmaker to produce flake tools of a predetermined size.

Levalloisian

Anthropologist Donald Johanson found 40 percent of the skeleton of a female hominid at Hadar; he named it __________ after the Beatles song.

Lucy

Some archaeologists suggest that states first evolved in

Mesopotamia

______________ is a change in the DNA sequence that can produce an altered gene.

Mutation

The fossil that Raymond Dart discovered was that of

a young child

___________ is/are variant forms of language.

dialects

As more fossils of Sivapithecus were discovered, scholars recognized it was remarkably similar in facial structure to

orangutans

Settled life is called

sedentarism

Robust australopithecines include all of the following EXCEPT

A. africanus

______________ is the exchange of sections of chromosomes between one chromosome.

Crossing-over

Based on similarities in biological traits such as tooth forms and blood types, anthropologists agree that Native Americans originally came from

Asia

The best known genus of proto-ape from the Miocene is the

Proconsul

A major reason for the decline of states appears to be

environmental degradation

Humans display __________. That is, the females and males of the species exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance.

sexual dimorphism

Which of the following theories explains the differences between male and female roles based on the greater aerobic capacity of males?

strength theory

All of the following are "costs" of bipedalism EXCEPT

the hands were freed for other tasks

A strong opponent of evolution was

Georges Cuvier.

The largest of the surviving apes are

gorillas

The prosimians resemble other mammals _________ the anthropoid primates do.

more than

The minimal unit of sound that conveys a particular meaning is a

morpheme

Differences in Neandertal skulls from modern human skulls include the following, EXCEPT for ___________.

protruding chins

Primates are characterized as

steroscopic

A __________ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.

caste

In societies with a high female contribution to primary subsistence,

infants are fed solid foods earlier, girls are likely to be trained to be industrious, and baby girls are more valued.

Y chromosome evidence traces descent only from

males

Humans evolved from earlier __________ that are now extinct.

primates

With matrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent group as his

sister's son

The famous footprints of Australopithecus were found at

Laetoli

The order Primates is usually subdivided into two suborders: the prosimians and the

anthropoids

What is the least common form of residence pattern?

avunculocal

Many of the excavated home sites from the Middle Paleolithic in Europe and the Near East are located in

caves

A __________ language is one which developed from a pidgin language.

creole

Anthropologists can generate interpretations on the basis of worldwide comparisons by looking for differences between those societies having, and those lacking, a particular characteristic. This type of research is called __________.

cross-cultural research

In the Australian aboriginal land rights case, the idea that people arose in the central desert from ancestral creatures is from what point of view?

emic

The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society is known as:

enculturation

The __________ seeks to understand how and why peoples of today and the recent past differ in their customary ways of thinking and acting.

ethnologist

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that

language is a force in its own right, that affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality.

Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is

learned and shared

_________ is the strongest evidence used by the Out of Africa theorists to support their theory.

mtDNA

The two main theories about the origin of Modern humans are the single-origin theory and the ___________theory.

multiregional

Old World monkeys have the same _________ as apes and humans.

number of teeth

The observable appearance of a pea plant is called its

phenotype

A __________ is a sound to a linguist.

phoneme

A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources but not to prestige?

rank

The concept of ____________ suggested that the earth is constantly subject to shaping and reshaping by natural forces working over vast stretches of time.

uniformitarianism

With which animal have researchers demonstrated the symbolic meaning of certain forms of communication used naturally in the wild?

vervet monkeys

One way a society may reflect its corresponding culture is in its lexical content, or ________.

vocabulary

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities is called:

cultural relativism

Tools found at Natufian sites suggest they harvested _________ intensively.

wild grain

In the state, many people are relieved of the need for

food production

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral ability of hominids?

being arboreal

Which of the following hominid characteristics came first?

bipedalism

The earliest writing systems are about _____ years old.

6,000

By A.D. 500, there were over ____________ people in Teotihuacán.

100,000

In __________, fossils were found in the Neander Valley, near Düsseldorf, Germany.

1856

The only source of change for mitochondrial DNA is random mutation, which is thought to occur at the rate of

2 percent per million years

A person's ____________ can tell a lot about the person's background.

accent

Evidence of increased long-distance trade comes from villages established

after the rise of food production

A common primate trait is

all of the above

__________ descent affiliates an individual with kin related to him or her through men or women.

ambilineal

The presumed common ancestor of apes and modern humans lived about ____ million years ago.

6

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that _____________.

different species develop one from another

A pidgin language

is a simplified language based on the language of a dominant group.


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