Anthropology 101 Final

GRAPH ON TEST

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What are the subfields of Anthropology?

1) biological/ physical 2) social and cultural (ethnography) 3) archaeology 4) linguistic

Speciation may occur when-?

1) sub-groups of a population become geographically isolated 2) sub-groups of a population adapt to different niches in the same environment

Natural selection works because of-?

1) variability in the traits of populations 2) we inherit many traits genetically 3) different individuals in a population do not reproduce at the same rate

When did the Neolithic transition begin? Around _____ years ago.

10,000

Homo sapiens emerged at least-?

160,000 ya

In the word "heated," how many morphemes are there?

2

Which of the following is true of race in Latin America: a) it is more variable than in the US and how you are categorized may be shape by factors, such as wealth, other than skin color b) it simply does not exist in any meaningful way because everyone is Hispanic c) it works basically the same way it does in the US d) it exists, but it unrelated to social access to prestige, power, or resources

A) it is more variable than in the US and how you are categorized may be shaped by factors, such as wealth, other than skin color

Home Erectus first appeared in:

Africa, about 2 mil ya

Compared to other disciplines concerned with human beings, anthropology- a) is more holistic in its approach b) is broader in geographic scope c) is broader in historical scope d) tends to focus on typical characteristics in studying a human population e) all of the above

E) all of the above

_________ usually separates a group of people with common origins and language, shared history, and selected cultural differences such as difference in religion.

Ethnicity

How was Homo Erectus able to adapt to new environments quickly?

cultural adaptation

Comparing the amounts of labor involved in subsistence pursuits among industrial versus food-gathering societies would be a topic of:

cultural anthropology or ethnology

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities is called-?

cultural relativism

In primarily what geographic areas of the world do we find contemporary foragers?

marginal areas

What is hybridity?

mating of two different species

The compatibility-with-child-care theory-?

may explain why there are no universally women-only activities other than care of infants

The idea that a society does not need as many men as women, since the former do not bear children, and that this can help explain universal trends in gendered division of labor is called the __________ theory.

expendability

An archaeological technique employed to recover tiny objects by immersion of soil samples in water is called:

flotation

In general, which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time?

food-collecting

Which of the following is an example of a feature: a) foundation b) teddy bear c) stone axe d) pot

foundation

Interbreeding between populations allows for-?

gene flow

Recent research suggests that a small amount of Neanderthal DNA is found in modern humanity's genome. This seems to illustrate what source of genetic variability?

genetic drift

The remote sensing technique that is based upon the fact that the earth has a strong magnetic field that varies by what is beneath the ground is called-?

geomagnetic sensing

The evidence for the single origin hypothesis is-?

mitochondrial DNA

Cross-cultural research shows that the higher the level of political organization, the-?

more class distinctions are present in the society

What is not an advantage of bipedalism among humans?

more visual acuity over distances

Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world?

multiregional hypothesis

Ecofact

natural items that humans have used

Anthropologists analyzed the similarities and differences between Native American languages to calculate how long it has been since they were part of shared ancestral languages. This could be compared to data from archaeology and physical anthropology. This is an example of-?

historical linguistics

The idea that because of the interconnections and interdependence of various aspects of being human, biology and culture can only be understood when viewed in the broadest possible perspective is called-?

holism

The first hominid to leave Africa was-?

homo erectus

We are-?

homo sapiens sapiens

Descriptive linguistics describes what?

how people actually speak

Anthropology means the study of-?

humans

Acclimatization

impermanent physiological changes that people make when they encounter a new environment

Linguistic and tooth-form analyses suggest that human came to the Americas when?

in three separate waves

Consequences of state formation typically include-?

increased inequality

Culture is adaptive because-?

it helps individuals survive and reproduce in their environment

The study of non-verbal language (for example body movement and facial expressions) is-?

kinesics

According to the scientific orientation,-?

knowledge is uncertain, but we should be able to achieve more reliable understanding

What might be the reason that natural selection would have favored the retention of the ability to digest milk in dairying societies farther from the equator?

lactose behaves similarly to vitamin D

The Sapir Whorf hypothesis suggests that-?

language affects how individuals perceive and conceive reality

Robust australopithecines differ from gracile ones in the what way?

larger molars, jaw, and muscle attachments for jaw muscles

Culture is-?

learned and shared within a social group

Compared to earlier Homos, modern humans are-?

less robust

A 1973 study in the Galapagos Islands documented a drought that dramatically changed the availability of food to the island's finches. Finches with larger beaks tended to survive the drought over other finches with smaller beaks. This study illustrates-?

natural selection

Which language has the lowest core vocabulary?

none, all languages are about the same

In contrast to food collectors, horticulturalists-?

occupy larger, more sedentary communities

Foramen Magnum

opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes en route to the brain

The wealth of pastoralists depends on what?

ownership of mobile herds

When populations first turned to agriculture:

people experienced more diseases

In the US, the class system is-?

perpetuated in part because members of different classes do not sustain significant social contact

Food production probably developed because of-?

population pressure, climate change, and a shortage of desired products

hypothesis

predictions

The phrase "secondary subsistence activities" refers to the ______________.

preparation and processing of foods for eating or storage

Compared to modern humans, Homo Erectus had-?

prominent brow ridges

What do we call the cross-cultural study of human perception and use of space?

proxemics

A society with equal access to wealth and power, but unequal access to prestige, is called-?

ranked

___________ occurs when prices are subject to supply and demand.

Market exchange

Which form of distribution do anthropologists link to chiefdoms?

redistribution

Your parents and neighbors pay taxes, your brother-in-law drives a truck on public roads, you receive financial aid to go to school, and your sister is in a public high school. This is an example of-?

redistribution

Adaptation

refers to genetic changes that allow an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

The shift to food production is called what?

Neolithic Revolution

Which group of primates is most associated with having a prehensile tail?

New World monkey

Australopithecines are __________ and __________.

robust and gracile

Settled life is called what?

sedentarism

Through early australopithecines, such as Lucy, could walk biped ally, why was it important for her to have long arms like those of apes?

she needed to be adept at climbing trees in order to escape predators

Which kind of evidence is most often used to decide what kind of hominid a fossil was?

size and shape of skull

In two societies undergoing acculturation, -?

social movements may occur as the minority group seeks greater empowerment and/or esteem

Egalitarian societies are least likely to be found among ________________.

societies with intensive agriculture

An artifact is-?

something made or changed by humans

What food was domesticated in the Americas?

sorghum, yams, dates, coffee

Costs of bipedalism include:

stress on the hips, lower back, knees and feet AND difficulty getting enough blood to the brain

If a young man has Type A blood, this is his-?

Phenotype

Seriation and stratigraphy are forms of what kind of dating method?

Relative

What is a good example of acclimatization?

Shivering

Gender is-?

the culturally defined expectations of males and females

The concept of cultural integration means that-?

the elements of a culture are mostly consistent with each other

Fossil

the hardened remains or impressions of plants an animals that lived in the past

Archaeology is the study of:

the past through material remains

Domesticated grains, such as barley and corn, typically differ form their wild ancestors in that-?

the seeds are larger and more numerous, while the connection to the plant are stronger

In science, an explanation (not just an association) supported by a reliable body of data is called a:

theory

In ranked societies-?

a primary way to gain status typically is to give wealth away

Who had the smallest cranial capacity?

australopithecus

What evince is used for a fossil to be definitively classified as a hominid?

bipedalism

What sequence describes sociopolitical organization from less complex to more complex?

Band/tribe/chiefdom/state

What is a characteristic of genetic drift?

the smaller the population, the greater its effect

Tannen suggests that men and women may develop different speaking styles because-?

they grow up in different kinds of social groups and sub cultures

Which kind of forager is most likely to live in a sedentary settlement with land ownership?

those relying primarily on fish

11,000 year old tools found at Natufian sites suggest they harvested ___________ intensively.

wild grain

Diagram about distribution of genetic variation among Africans, Asians, and Europeans.

...

Physical variation between human populations may be the result of-?

1) cultural factors 2) genetic differences 3) environmental forces

Anthropologists define an economic system as a system organizing-?

1) distribution 2) consumption 3) and production

Archaeological evidence is fragmentary because

1) nonmaterial culture is not directly preserved 2) we can never find and excavate everything 3) some things decay or are lost over time

Which of the following is TRUE about the distribution of variation among modern humans? a) it can be described using the concept of "races," if we recognize many individuals fall between categories b) there is more variation within each "race" that between them c) it can be described using a typological model d) human beings do not vary biologically

B) there is more variation within each "race" than between them

Which of the following statements about human adaptation is INCORRECT: a) Most adaptation occurs in response to environmental pressures. b) Those changes that are genetic in nature are irreversible during an individual's lifetime. c) Plastic changes are those acquired by an individual after birth. d) Humans are no longer undergoing microevolution.

D) Humans are no longer undergoing microevolution.

Which of the following is NOT an anthropological view of language varieties: a) People with more economic and political power define what counts as a standard language b) When a society stigmatizes a group, it stigmatizes its language c) There is no such thing as an inferior language d) People who speak ungrammatically have mental or cultural deficiencies

D) People who speak ungrammatically have mental or cultural deficiencies

Recent research suggests the following: a) people rarely share unless they see a personal advantage to it b) pople are naturally selfish c) people only share when they are forced to by their culture d) cooperation and sharing may be part of our biological nature

D) cooperation and sharing may be part of our biological nature

Evidence of centralized authority in ancient civilization comes from all of the following except: a) law codes b) monumental architecture c) temple records d) ethnographic interviews

D) ethnographic interviews

Anthropologists agree that race: a) is a valid biological category among humans b) does not exist in any way c) has no effect on people's life chances d) is a cultural category

D) is a cultural category

Which of the following is FALSE regarding maladaptive traits and evolution? a) may persist because past the history of the organism means alternative adaptations are not possible b) may be linked to some other trait that is advantageous c) will disappear, since they reduce an organism's chances of surviving and reproducing d) none of the above. Evolution means that all traits are adaptive

D) none of the above. Evolution means that all traits are adaptive

Natural selection does NOT explain: a) why some pathogens have become resistant to antibiotics b) anything c) the development of new species d) the distribution of traits that are neutral (do not convey any advantage)

D) the distribution of traits that are neutral (do not convey any advantage)

Arguments that differences in IQ scores between racial groups reliably indicate actual, inherited differences in intelligence are invalid because-?

a) tests may fail to assess particular aspects of intelligence, such as creative or "social smarts" b) test format-for example, whether times or untie-can differentially affect various groups due to cultural traits c) differences among groups in familiarity with the format of the test and/or the objects and experiences referred to can affect performance d) these arguments fail to distinguish between a measure (IQ test score) and what is supposedly being measured e) ALL OF THE ABOVE *******(correct answer)

Feature

artifacts of human manufacture that cannot be removed from an archaeological site. EX: hearth, buildings, storage pits

Who was the earliest definite hominid?

australopithecus

In the Middle East, the Natufians-?

became sedentary prior to farming due to their reliance on wild grains

What is NOT true about colors?

because color vocabulary varies so much between languages and cultures, we are unable to make any generalizations about perception

What trait do all primates have in common?

collarbone bone, grasping hands, and stereoscopic vision

Ardipithecus radius is interesting because it-?

combined ape-like traits with a hominid-like skeleton reflecting bipedalism

The relationship between and among artifacts and other materials is-?

context

In order to be a competent speaker, a person needs to go beyond the grammatical rules and vocabulary of a language to understand the social and cultural norms of a specific situations (or contexts). This is studied by-?

ethnography of speaking

Generally, the greater the sexual dimorphism, the ___________ the social dominance of males over females.

greater

Trends in hominid evolution include all of the following except: a) decreased face size relative to skull size b) increased cranial capacity c) increase in the size of the jaw d) deceased prognathism (angle of face)

increase in size of the jaw

The ____________ of a culture includes technology, demographics and economic systems, and is the most directly adapted or linked to the environment.

infrastructure

According to the Law of Superposition, if two artifacts are found at an archaeological site, but one is in a stratum (layer) of soil located above the other, then that artifact was deposited more recently. This is an example of _______ dating.

relative

The fact that Ashkenazi Jews living in the U.S. have a lower mortality rate for tuberculosis than non-Jews is most likely because-?

the ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews were exposed for many years to tuberculosis in crowded, European ghettos, giving a selective advantage to tuberculosis resistant genotypes

If a culture believes it is best for people to marry a cousin, but only 4% of people actually do so this is an example of-?

the contrast between actual (or real) and ideal culture

Class, or stratified, societies are characterized by-?

unequal access to resources, power, and prestige

Counting all kinds of economic work in both intensive agricultural and horticultural societies, studies largely suggest that ____________________________________.

women and men work about the same number of hours

The earliest known stone tools are from-? (date)

2.5

The earliest definite australopithecine fossils date to approximately ________ million years ago.

4.2

Cities first appeared in the Near East about ______ years ago.

5,500

Hominids separated from other hominoids approximately _____ million years ago.

8-5

About 10,000 years ago the climate changed in all of the following ways except: a) melting glaciers b) falling sea levels c) shift to more forested landscapes d) loss of coastal plains

B) falling sea levels

What is an example of a Mendelian or desecrate trait?

Blood type

With regards to biological evolution among humans, culture-?

CAN have an impact, for example by affecting mating choices and health

Most archaeologists believe that the ___________ was one of the ear lies centers of plant and animal domestication.

Fertile Crescent

Cross cultural research can help us discover-?

General patterns about human cultural traits

Anthropological cross-cultural research, reported in your textbook, showed which of the following regarding the relationship between geography and culture?

Geography did not predict variation in human behaviors.

How is Mitochondrial DNA inherited?

It is inherited only from the mothers

Mutations:

are very important from an evolutionary perspective because they introduce new variation (new alleles) into the gene pool

The frequency distribution of behavior patterns in a group very often take the form of-?

a bell-shaped curve

In class, we defined biological evolution as:

a change in the frequency of alleles in a population

Participants observation refers to-?

a cultural anthropologist studying a group of people by living among them

Bergmann's rule suggests that-?

a heavier/larger body build will be found in colder climates

What is not a mechanism of evolution?

acclimatization

In the economic systems characteristic of hunter gatherers,-?

all members of the group are generally equal in wealth and power

States usually have ______________________.

all of the above

Alleles are:

alternate forms of a single gene

Archaeologists can learn about diet and health in prehistoric populations from-?

an analysis of bones and teeth

Monkeys, apes, and humans are grouped together as:

anthropoids

Artifact

any object made by a human

The field of anthropology concerned with making anthropological knowledge useful is-?

applied anthropology

Skeletal features associated with bipedalism include-?

arched feet, bowl-shaped pelvis, a "knock-kneed" posture

If your brother gives you a cd for your birthday and a few months later you send him a book for his birthday, this is an example of-?

balanced reciprocity

The higher than expected frequency of the Hbs (sickle cell) gene in malarial regions is an example of _________ selection.

balancing

In India, traditionally the Dalits, or "untouchable" were born into a social group that did polluting work such as cleaning latrines and preparing the dead for burial. They could not marry members of other social groups in the society who performed other occupations. This is an example of-?

caste

Epigenetics refers to-?

changes in what genes are expressed

Gradual variation in the geographic distribution of a trait is called a-?

cline

When a mother speaks to her child in German and the child responds in English, this is an example of-?

code switching

What is a possible consequence of increased brain size?

decreased maturity at birth and a longer period of child dependency

__________ is/are variant forms of language.

dialects

The fact that cut marks made by stone tools overlay carnivore tooth marks on bones from Olduvai Gorge suggests that ________________.

early hominids were scavenging the kills of carnivores

Pollen found at an archaeologic site is a good example of a(n)-?

ecofact

The Upper Paleolithic was characterized by-?

emergence of art, proliferation of artifact types, and inventions

A major reason for the decline of states appears to be what?

environmental degradation

If a person reacts to a new food by saying it is disgusting, this is quite probably an example of-?

ethnocentrism

Most visitors to Hawaii are impressed by the blending of South Pacific, Asian, and European cultural elements. Thus, what is perceived as "Hawaiian culture" might be said to represent an example of-?

ethnogenesis

Comparing modern cultures to archaeological remains in order to understand the past better is called-?

ethnographic analogy

A description and analysis of a single living society at a single point of time is known as-?

ethnography

What is broad spectrum food collecting (or foraging)?

use of a wide range of natural resources

What climate change is associated with the emergence of hominids?

warming trends that continue today

Archaeologists have documented a sharp rise in the number of a young male goats killed at a 10,000 year-old site in the Zagros Mountains, Iran. They believe this indicates domestication, as young males:

were slaughtered and females kept for breeding purposes

Under what conditions do we usually see the greatest degree of cultural borrowing?

when a less powerful group encounter a more dominant society