Anthropology 201 final

an example of a reflexive ethnographic statement would be:

"I was unable to watch the entire ritual b/c I was overcome with nausea as I watched them eat it."

A set of rules established by some formal authority is the definition of

laws

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price in cattle is an example of the use of

limited-purpose money

Marx proposed that there are ____ constraint on human agency. Ex. inheritance of wealth or property

material

The metaphor of "three sisters" is used to convey the traditional ecological knowledge of

mounded planting technology which places corn, beans and squash in a single commensal planting

Independent states recognized by other states, composed of people who share a single national identity is a

nation-state

are emotions such as anger experienced the same across cultures?

no, cultures such as the Ilongot have an ethnopsychological category of light that is distinct from the idea of anger

the first origins of agriculture developed from

observations that forest clearing, quality seed or stem selection, and soil augmentation created patchy resources

When anthropologists studied Dogon menstrual huts they realized that natural fertility Dogon women have about ____ number of total lifetime menstrual cycles as US women?

one quarter the

Te research method in cultural anthropology that relies on personal contact with people on an everyday basis in order to learn about their culture is called

participant observtion

The Tiv of Nigeria are said to practice which of the following subsistence strategies?

pastoralism

_____ typically gain 50% of their calories from animal meat and milk and the remainder through trade

pastoralists

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism & cold rationalism many think they are is that

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?

political ecology

an attitude of ethnocentrism toward another group

prevents understanding of other cultures

cross culturally, the male transition to adulthood has more to do with ______ than spermarche

productivity

The USSR model of socialist agriculture

provided capital investments from the state

how close you ae expected to stand to others while waiting in line varies between US and Taiwan is an example of

proxemics

data gathered from personal interviews, observations, and oral histories is

qualitative

______ is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences

race

the harmonious relationship and trust an anthropologist builds with research participants is known as

rapport

an important ethical concern for anthropologists is to

remind their informants that they are collecting data, protect the ethnographic data, protect the community at large, and protect themselves

Among the 'Sambia' of Papua New Guinea men believe that young men must ______ before becoming a father

ritually ingest semen of an older man

the story of the Nacirema uses ____ typical in the ethnography of the day.

satire

social stratification can determine your role in society, each role is expected to follow a _____ or a set of behaviors associated with that role

script

In a ______ you identify w/ each other but you may never meet

secondary social group

An example of work that usually fits into the category of the informal sector is

sex worker

Hierarchical relationships between different groups is known as ______

social stratification

applied anthropology focuses on

solving real-world problems

Which economic theory was propose by Polanyi to study the culture specific daily transactions that people engage in to get what they need and desire?

substantivism

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order is called

syntax

critical cultural relativism asserts

that power differences between people who accept cultural practices should be used to understand cultures

a symbol is

the basis of human behavior, something that conventionally stands for something else, and uses number and letters

75% of the sale price of a shirt produced in China goes to ______

the brand and retailer

Even though Anthropologists use parts of the scientific method some don't see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.

According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?

the decisions people make, social relationships, and culture and morality

the anthropological perspective that intersubjective social information flows both to and from the researcher is known as

the dialectic

the primary ethical responsibilities of anthropologists is to (who?)

the individuals and groups they study

Subsistence refers to

the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food

An example hegemony discussed in class is

the story of thanksgiving in the US

the word "anthropology" derives from the Greek anthropoid and logos and literally means

the study of humans

When Katie shred the story of her green boots with the class it demonstrated

the symbolic meaning of an artifact such as a green boot is socially constructed through storytelling

which of the following is an element of violence?

the use of force to cause harm to someone or something, a highly visible assertion of power, and it is an efficient way ti transform a social environment

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists b/c

they are economically significant in market-based societies, the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies, and reciprocity is deeply embedded in social relations

T or F A major problem w/ using forgiven labor in agriculture is that they do not have the same legal protections that citizens have

true

T or F Chief Andres was responsible for the wellbeing of his community therefore many families were primarily interested in weather or not he had approved the research when completing their informed consent to participate in research

true

T or F Power that not only operates within settings but also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social ad individual action take place is known as structural power

true

T or F The Human Terrain System program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to help soldiers understand village politics and translate info

true

T or F one strategy for deconstructing racism is to begin to judge your own behavior based on your own values and in this way replacing ascribed status w/ achieved status for the allocation of entitlements and privilege

true

T or F Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality

true

T or F Forager society tends to use humor to enforce norms

true

T or F Nadleehe is a Navajo changing gender one of 5 genders accepted within their culture

true

privileged members of a society are usually _____ their privilege

unaware of

Westby's concept of dynamic literacy is best characterized as

understanding a text in the context of other texts

the anthropological theory that proposed that cultures will progress through phases of savagery and barbarism ultimately becoming civilization is

unilineal evolution

A good example of disguised discrimination is

when shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

In the Oxfam article about arms and violence in Haiti, what sub population experienced the greatest suffering?

women & children

Linguists estimate that there are between _____ living languages today

3,000-10,000

What percent of US agricultural labor was born in Mexico

75%

The use of Arabic script to phonetically transcribe the phones of Pular is

Ajami

Ethnographies that provide "thick description" of culture are valued b/c they provide

An understanding of exotic cultures, documentation of cultures that will one day be lost, and sufficient contextual detain for an understanding of culture

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on settlement patterns, is called

Archaeology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is

Cultural relativism

a key feature of ______ is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities and behaviors within social group that feel natural

Culture

T or F Cultural patterns are determined by genes

False

T or F The use of money is a human universal

False

What population in northern Iraq and Turkey is a nation w/o a state

Kurds

______ is objects that can be exchanged only for certain things

Limited-purpose money

pastoralism persists today as a primary mode of substance mainly in ______ landscapes

Marginal

There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?

Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from US

When female nutritional anthropologists began working with the Ju/"hoansi, or !Kung San of the Kalahari they discovered that _________ is the major source of dietary calories

Mongongo nuts

How did NAFTA impact Mexican apparel manufacture in a relationship to Chinese production

NAFTA mad mexican labor as attractive as Chinese labor in the global apparel manufacturing market

Slavery is a form of

Negative reciprocity

the minimum bits of sound that native speakers recognize as distinct are known as

Phonemes

What is the sociobiological explanation of the high rates of warfare among the Yanomami

Polygyny & female infanticide led to a shortage of females and fierce male warriors have increased breeding success

Why may the women with the large lip plate/headdress be a preferred mate in the Omo Valley Ethiopia?

She is innovative at attracting income from tourism

Male Hazda foragers find women w/ larger buttocks more attractive than do white males American college students, this is b/c

The Hadza store their extra calories as fat, as humans did for most of human evolution

T or F Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status through giving

True

The concept that people have images, knowledge and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

a cultural landscape

the limitation of culture and personality studies was that they assumed

a culture only has one personality type, childhood enculturation determines adult personality, and our own concept of "individual" was not sufficiently questioned

In contemporary ethnography, anthropologists often provide a description of a "foreign word" and then adopt it. This is known as

a gloss

Hijra interest anthropologists mainly b/c they're

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

Food security refers to

access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

A society with no government head or hierarchical structure is a/an _______ society

acephalous

research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

action anthropology

_____ as a form of dispute management can involve hearings presided over by respected people in a community

adjudication

In Uganda, male circumcision is associated with ____

age grades, the transition to adult masculine roles and physical tests

The most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out.

Breast milk offers ____ which is/are missing from alternative infant foods such as formula

antibodies specific to the maternal environment

A CAFO is an efficient model of producing meat, it is based upon

applying industrial efficiencies to the production of agricultural products

The wearing of cultural symbols of power as halloween costumes is considered

appropriation

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation

Dalits

are the most oppressed social category in India

How does the Akanksha clinic encourage surrogates to view their wombs

as a spare room available for rent

Race is an example of ____

ascribed status

Typically friendship are based on similarities but in the case of compadrazgo in Bolivia is often used to

assure labor availability of patrons and pay for school needs zafreros

Why is menarche largely hidden in US culture

b/c early reproduction is costly under our industrial or post industrial mode of production

several cultures use a Moot to resolve disputes, yet people from the US don't see clear winners and losers w/ this resolution. why?

b/c the goal of the moot is restoring harmony rather than creating fair punishment

Sex is _____ while gender is ____

biological, cultural

Based on Lee's "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari", how could Lee have better predicted and understood the !Kung response to his ox?

by sharing food with them over the year

The maximum population a given area can support is

carrying capacity

A key difference between caste and social class is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity class in socioeconomics

______ is a political system, such as a chiefdom or a state, in which certain individuals and institutions hold power and control over resources

centralized politcal system

When capital is required for agricultural production, environmental variability in crop productivity eventually leads to the _____ of landholdings

concentrated ownership

of the human adaptive modalities discussed in lecture, which is the most rapid and plastic

cultural

The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

demonstrates that the non powerful have ways of exercising political power.

In Bourgois' ethnographic account of crack in Harlem he uses _____ to help the reader understand

direct quotes from dealers, his personal stories, and an epic analysis

Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

The insiders view of culture is known as the

emic perspective

the process through which we acquire and transmit culture is known as

enculturation

The Mayan Cofradia system converts labor, generosity, and money into

entitlements

The idea that embraces dynamic culture change processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent which theoretical orientation

ethnocentrism

in anthropology, the detailed description of a single society based on fieldwork is called

ethnography

An anthropologist who studies the relationship between language and culture is working in the field of

ethnolinguistics

Fair trade is an effort ti make ______ more personal and equal

exchange

Animal call systems

express info about things that aren't currently in their present environment, can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli, and typically combine calls to make new meanings.

In the 1960's Brazil's government promoted an empty space colonization campaign to develop areas of the Amazon used by horticultural and foraging species. The reason the Amazon was considered empty is because foraging and horticultural production are

extensive

T or F Based on the Patten reading, men in the Cewa community of Malawi had to change their cultural values regarding children, to improve child survival

false

T or F Chiefdoms are rarely hereditary

false

T or F Male and female ethnographers usually make the same findings

false

T or F The US war on terror was effective b/c it made us less fearful of terrorism

false

T or F capitalism is likely based in the fact that if you defer consumption of a grain and instead plant it in the ground and care for it under an agricultural subsistence model it will yield the same number of seeds that you put it

false

Ethnology

focuses on comparison of cultures for theoretical understanding

Which is a "weapon of the weak"?

foot dragging, non-compliance, and desertion

What mode of production have humans used to meet their needs for over 90% of human evolution

foraging

Which mode of production holds reciprocity and sharing in the highest regard often going as far as punishing those who do not consistently share?

foraging

induced abortion & infanticide are more likely to be used to control fertility in a ____ society than in an industrial society

foraging

Dunbar's maximum size of a social network is related to group size among

foraging bands

The original affluent society referred to observations of leisure time among

foraging bands

One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that

foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving like a mother

Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females and those who do not fit either category as

gender/sex systems

When Willson defines & adopts the term nega, it is known as

gloss

When Ghandi engaged in public fasting...

he forced people in power to acknowledge his interests and encouraged them to take action

the _____ perspective aims to identify and understand cultures in there entirety.

holistic

Maintaining the fallow period is essential for the sustainability of which system of production

horticulture

An anthropologist using the formalist theoretical approach to doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in

how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from

Why do foragers turn to agriculture

increased population density causes too much competition for resources

In many foraging cultures women will birth ______ and in these populations child birth contributes significantly to the lifetime risk of maternal mortality

individually w/o the support of a midwife or trained medical professional

the feature of human language known as productivity signifies that a finite set of symbols and rules can be combined into a/an ______ set of novel messages

infinite

The apple-samsung case addresses a conflict over

intellectual property and the use of patented technology

Long-term damage to soil quality in the Amazon is a result of

intensification of agriculture

A remittance is

international transfer of funds, often to family members and a significant contribution to the Mexican economy

_____ refers to individuals who exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between male and female elements. often including elements of both

intersex

systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called

interviews

the phone /!/ as found in the word !Kung

is a non pulmonic post alveolar click consonant

Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross dress during the civil war in the 1990's?

it distinguished them from, and confused, the governments soldiers

Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because

it is often shared in local languages, some species and ecological interactions exists in only one place, and Westerners don't value this type of knowledge

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think about the value and the actual transactions they engage in

the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called

lactase persistence

The biological term for the period of infertility during on-demnd breastfeeding is

lactational amenorrhea