Anthropology 201 final
an example of a reflexive ethnographic statement would be:
"I was unable to watch the entire ritual b/c I was overcome with nausea as I watched them eat it."
A set of rules established by some formal authority is the definition of
laws
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price in cattle is an example of the use of
limited-purpose money
Marx proposed that there are ____ constraint on human agency. Ex. inheritance of wealth or property
material
The metaphor of "three sisters" is used to convey the traditional ecological knowledge of
mounded planting technology which places corn, beans and squash in a single commensal planting
Independent states recognized by other states, composed of people who share a single national identity is a
nation-state
are emotions such as anger experienced the same across cultures?
no, cultures such as the Ilongot have an ethnopsychological category of light that is distinct from the idea of anger
the first origins of agriculture developed from
observations that forest clearing, quality seed or stem selection, and soil augmentation created patchy resources
When anthropologists studied Dogon menstrual huts they realized that natural fertility Dogon women have about ____ number of total lifetime menstrual cycles as US women?
one quarter the
Te research method in cultural anthropology that relies on personal contact with people on an everyday basis in order to learn about their culture is called
participant observtion
The Tiv of Nigeria are said to practice which of the following subsistence strategies?
pastoralism
_____ typically gain 50% of their calories from animal meat and milk and the remainder through trade
pastoralists
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism & cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
political ecology
an attitude of ethnocentrism toward another group
prevents understanding of other cultures
cross culturally, the male transition to adulthood has more to do with ______ than spermarche
productivity
The USSR model of socialist agriculture
provided capital investments from the state
how close you ae expected to stand to others while waiting in line varies between US and Taiwan is an example of
proxemics
data gathered from personal interviews, observations, and oral histories is
qualitative
______ is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
race
the harmonious relationship and trust an anthropologist builds with research participants is known as
rapport
an important ethical concern for anthropologists is to
remind their informants that they are collecting data, protect the ethnographic data, protect the community at large, and protect themselves
Among the 'Sambia' of Papua New Guinea men believe that young men must ______ before becoming a father
ritually ingest semen of an older man
the story of the Nacirema uses ____ typical in the ethnography of the day.
satire
social stratification can determine your role in society, each role is expected to follow a _____ or a set of behaviors associated with that role
script
In a ______ you identify w/ each other but you may never meet
secondary social group
An example of work that usually fits into the category of the informal sector is
sex worker
Hierarchical relationships between different groups is known as ______
social stratification
applied anthropology focuses on
solving real-world problems
Which economic theory was propose by Polanyi to study the culture specific daily transactions that people engage in to get what they need and desire?
substantivism
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order is called
syntax
critical cultural relativism asserts
that power differences between people who accept cultural practices should be used to understand cultures
a symbol is
the basis of human behavior, something that conventionally stands for something else, and uses number and letters
75% of the sale price of a shirt produced in China goes to ______
the brand and retailer
Even though Anthropologists use parts of the scientific method some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.
According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?
the decisions people make, social relationships, and culture and morality
the anthropological perspective that intersubjective social information flows both to and from the researcher is known as
the dialectic
the primary ethical responsibilities of anthropologists is to (who?)
the individuals and groups they study
Subsistence refers to
the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food
An example hegemony discussed in class is
the story of thanksgiving in the US
the word "anthropology" derives from the Greek anthropoid and logos and literally means
the study of humans
When Katie shred the story of her green boots with the class it demonstrated
the symbolic meaning of an artifact such as a green boot is socially constructed through storytelling
which of the following is an element of violence?
the use of force to cause harm to someone or something, a highly visible assertion of power, and it is an efficient way ti transform a social environment
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists b/c
they are economically significant in market-based societies, the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies, and reciprocity is deeply embedded in social relations
T or F A major problem w/ using forgiven labor in agriculture is that they do not have the same legal protections that citizens have
true
T or F Chief Andres was responsible for the wellbeing of his community therefore many families were primarily interested in weather or not he had approved the research when completing their informed consent to participate in research
true
T or F Power that not only operates within settings but also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social ad individual action take place is known as structural power
true
T or F The Human Terrain System program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to help soldiers understand village politics and translate info
true
T or F one strategy for deconstructing racism is to begin to judge your own behavior based on your own values and in this way replacing ascribed status w/ achieved status for the allocation of entitlements and privilege
true
T or F Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality
true
T or F Forager society tends to use humor to enforce norms
true
T or F Nadleehe is a Navajo changing gender one of 5 genders accepted within their culture
true
privileged members of a society are usually _____ their privilege
unaware of
Westby's concept of dynamic literacy is best characterized as
understanding a text in the context of other texts
the anthropological theory that proposed that cultures will progress through phases of savagery and barbarism ultimately becoming civilization is
unilineal evolution
A good example of disguised discrimination is
when shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
In the Oxfam article about arms and violence in Haiti, what sub population experienced the greatest suffering?
women & children
Linguists estimate that there are between _____ living languages today
3,000-10,000
What percent of US agricultural labor was born in Mexico
75%
The use of Arabic script to phonetically transcribe the phones of Pular is
Ajami
Ethnographies that provide "thick description" of culture are valued b/c they provide
An understanding of exotic cultures, documentation of cultures that will one day be lost, and sufficient contextual detain for an understanding of culture
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on settlement patterns, is called
Archaeology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is
Cultural relativism
a key feature of ______ is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities and behaviors within social group that feel natural
Culture
T or F Cultural patterns are determined by genes
False
T or F The use of money is a human universal
False
What population in northern Iraq and Turkey is a nation w/o a state
Kurds
______ is objects that can be exchanged only for certain things
Limited-purpose money
pastoralism persists today as a primary mode of substance mainly in ______ landscapes
Marginal
There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?
Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from US
When female nutritional anthropologists began working with the Ju/"hoansi, or !Kung San of the Kalahari they discovered that _________ is the major source of dietary calories
Mongongo nuts
How did NAFTA impact Mexican apparel manufacture in a relationship to Chinese production
NAFTA mad mexican labor as attractive as Chinese labor in the global apparel manufacturing market
Slavery is a form of
Negative reciprocity
the minimum bits of sound that native speakers recognize as distinct are known as
Phonemes
What is the sociobiological explanation of the high rates of warfare among the Yanomami
Polygyny & female infanticide led to a shortage of females and fierce male warriors have increased breeding success
Why may the women with the large lip plate/headdress be a preferred mate in the Omo Valley Ethiopia?
She is innovative at attracting income from tourism
Male Hazda foragers find women w/ larger buttocks more attractive than do white males American college students, this is b/c
The Hadza store their extra calories as fat, as humans did for most of human evolution
T or F Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status through giving
True
The concept that people have images, knowledge and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
the limitation of culture and personality studies was that they assumed
a culture only has one personality type, childhood enculturation determines adult personality, and our own concept of "individual" was not sufficiently questioned
In contemporary ethnography, anthropologists often provide a description of a "foreign word" and then adopt it. This is known as
a gloss
Hijra interest anthropologists mainly b/c they're
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
Food security refers to
access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
A society with no government head or hierarchical structure is a/an _______ society
acephalous
research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is
action anthropology
_____ as a form of dispute management can involve hearings presided over by respected people in a community
adjudication
In Uganda, male circumcision is associated with ____
age grades, the transition to adult masculine roles and physical tests
The most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out.
Breast milk offers ____ which is/are missing from alternative infant foods such as formula
antibodies specific to the maternal environment
A CAFO is an efficient model of producing meat, it is based upon
applying industrial efficiencies to the production of agricultural products
The wearing of cultural symbols of power as halloween costumes is considered
appropriation
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
Dalits
are the most oppressed social category in India
How does the Akanksha clinic encourage surrogates to view their wombs
as a spare room available for rent
Race is an example of ____
ascribed status
Typically friendship are based on similarities but in the case of compadrazgo in Bolivia is often used to
assure labor availability of patrons and pay for school needs zafreros
Why is menarche largely hidden in US culture
b/c early reproduction is costly under our industrial or post industrial mode of production
several cultures use a Moot to resolve disputes, yet people from the US don't see clear winners and losers w/ this resolution. why?
b/c the goal of the moot is restoring harmony rather than creating fair punishment
Sex is _____ while gender is ____
biological, cultural
Based on Lee's "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari", how could Lee have better predicted and understood the !Kung response to his ox?
by sharing food with them over the year
The maximum population a given area can support is
carrying capacity
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity class in socioeconomics
______ is a political system, such as a chiefdom or a state, in which certain individuals and institutions hold power and control over resources
centralized politcal system
When capital is required for agricultural production, environmental variability in crop productivity eventually leads to the _____ of landholdings
concentrated ownership
of the human adaptive modalities discussed in lecture, which is the most rapid and plastic
cultural
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the non powerful have ways of exercising political power.
In Bourgois' ethnographic account of crack in Harlem he uses _____ to help the reader understand
direct quotes from dealers, his personal stories, and an epic analysis
Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
The insiders view of culture is known as the
emic perspective
the process through which we acquire and transmit culture is known as
enculturation
The Mayan Cofradia system converts labor, generosity, and money into
entitlements
The idea that embraces dynamic culture change processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent which theoretical orientation
ethnocentrism
in anthropology, the detailed description of a single society based on fieldwork is called
ethnography
An anthropologist who studies the relationship between language and culture is working in the field of
ethnolinguistics
Fair trade is an effort ti make ______ more personal and equal
exchange
Animal call systems
express info about things that aren't currently in their present environment, can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli, and typically combine calls to make new meanings.
In the 1960's Brazil's government promoted an empty space colonization campaign to develop areas of the Amazon used by horticultural and foraging species. The reason the Amazon was considered empty is because foraging and horticultural production are
extensive
T or F Based on the Patten reading, men in the Cewa community of Malawi had to change their cultural values regarding children, to improve child survival
false
T or F Chiefdoms are rarely hereditary
false
T or F Male and female ethnographers usually make the same findings
false
T or F The US war on terror was effective b/c it made us less fearful of terrorism
false
T or F capitalism is likely based in the fact that if you defer consumption of a grain and instead plant it in the ground and care for it under an agricultural subsistence model it will yield the same number of seeds that you put it
false
Ethnology
focuses on comparison of cultures for theoretical understanding
Which is a "weapon of the weak"?
foot dragging, non-compliance, and desertion
What mode of production have humans used to meet their needs for over 90% of human evolution
foraging
Which mode of production holds reciprocity and sharing in the highest regard often going as far as punishing those who do not consistently share?
foraging
induced abortion & infanticide are more likely to be used to control fertility in a ____ society than in an industrial society
foraging
Dunbar's maximum size of a social network is related to group size among
foraging bands
The original affluent society referred to observations of leisure time among
foraging bands
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving like a mother
Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females and those who do not fit either category as
gender/sex systems
When Willson defines & adopts the term nega, it is known as
gloss
When Ghandi engaged in public fasting...
he forced people in power to acknowledge his interests and encouraged them to take action
the _____ perspective aims to identify and understand cultures in there entirety.
holistic
Maintaining the fallow period is essential for the sustainability of which system of production
horticulture
An anthropologist using the formalist theoretical approach to doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in
how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from
Why do foragers turn to agriculture
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
In many foraging cultures women will birth ______ and in these populations child birth contributes significantly to the lifetime risk of maternal mortality
individually w/o the support of a midwife or trained medical professional
the feature of human language known as productivity signifies that a finite set of symbols and rules can be combined into a/an ______ set of novel messages
infinite
The apple-samsung case addresses a conflict over
intellectual property and the use of patented technology
Long-term damage to soil quality in the Amazon is a result of
intensification of agriculture
A remittance is
international transfer of funds, often to family members and a significant contribution to the Mexican economy
_____ refers to individuals who exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between male and female elements. often including elements of both
intersex
systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called
interviews
the phone /!/ as found in the word !Kung
is a non pulmonic post alveolar click consonant
Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross dress during the civil war in the 1990's?
it distinguished them from, and confused, the governments soldiers
Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because
it is often shared in local languages, some species and ecological interactions exists in only one place, and Westerners don't value this type of knowledge
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think about the value and the actual transactions they engage in
the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called
lactase persistence
The biological term for the period of infertility during on-demnd breastfeeding is
lactational amenorrhea