Anthropology 2302
Some key features of states are
-high populations, with many thousands to sometimes millions of people -the collection of taxes or tribute from subject populations -the use of force for internal control when needed
Never used writing:
Andean state society
In central Turkey, the change from the aceramic to the ceramic is marked by the fact that
Catalhoyuk continued to be occupied, even though many people left
The hunter-gatherer people who occupied Japan from 10,500 BCE until 300 BCE are called:
The Jomon
The trend toward food production in the Neolithic Southwest Asia might have been stimulated by:
The Younger Dryas climatic reversal, rising populations and new ways of thinking of the world and the peoples place in it
One of the largest Neolithic settlements known in Southwest Asia is:
Uruk
Catalhoyuk was
a Neolithic settlement with remarkable architecture and decorated houses
Dadiwan refers to
a Yellow River Valley Chinese farming site, as well as culture by the same name
state society
a centralized political institution where ruling elites exercise control over populations
Once the first group of states was established, empires formed due to
a desire for economic gain, the desire to neutralize the power of those who might later conquer ones land, and warfare and the conquest of aggressive enemies
Cong
a jade object of roughly tubular shape
When early states emerged in the Old World,
a majority of the human population still lived in non-state farming societies
Jomon-period Japan is a good example of
a sophisticated society that did not adopt agriculture despite its adoption by nearby cultures
The site of Itazuke in northern Kyushu is important because
a sophisticated system of embanked rice fields fed by irrigation canals was found there
The quipu system is
a system of knotted cords used by the Andes-based Inca to keep records
Dolmens are
a type of megalithic tomb found in Korea associated with rice-farming villages
Warmer, wetter post-glacial climates were finally established in China
after the Younger Dryas
early ideas about agriculture included the notion that:
agriculture created more leisure time, allowing people to spend time on cultural pursuits, hunter-gatherers did not understand plants and animals well enough to domesticate them themselves, and hunter-gatherers led a marginal existence, always hungry and on the run
Beneath the walls of the Bronze Age Jericho, the excavators found:
an aceramic Neolithic wall, ditch and tower
The settlements of farmers
are larger and more substantially built than most hunter-gatherer communities
Research in recent decades has confirmed that agriculture
arose independently in just four regions: the near east, europe, africa, and new guinea.
the "skull building" at Catalhoyuk Tepesi is so named:
because of the pile of human skulls found within it
During the Epipaleolithic, Southwest Asian people
began to practice a broad-spectrum subsistence strategy
The people of Catalhoyuk
both hunted and farmed
Gobekli Tepe
can be thought of as a central place containing monumental constructions but no small domestic houses
Across northern Mesopotamia, between the Euphrates and Tigris
ceramic Neolithic sites sprang up in great numbers at new locations
Bruce Trigger divided early states into:
city-states and territorial states
The village cemetery excavated at Peiligang
contained 116 burials in three clusters that might represent clan groups
Early village sites of the Daxi Culture in the middle Yangzi basin
contained houses built of clay and strengthened with bamboo, reeds and rice husks, were sited on higher land, commanding nearby wetlands, and showed evidence of agriculture but also hunting and fishing
As the holocene began:
continents were divided, islands were created and dry land was inundated
Robert Braidwood
defined the fertile zone on the hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent where hunter-gatherers lived
Ester Boserup
demonstrated that intensive agriculture in the past could feed more people but at cost of more labor input per individual
The Yayoi culture is known for having:
domesticated rice, a strategy of using low banks to control water flow in field plots and plowing and transplanting methods of agriculture
In china, the potter's wheel was invented:
during the middle phase of the Dawenkou culture, c. 3500-2900 BC
the practice of burial with many jade and agate ornaments and artifcats is seen
during the transition from hunting to farming
agriculture
establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which certain plants and animals are cultivated and reared
the expansion of farming was particularly rapid across
eurasia
Some sites dated to the aceramic Neolithic contain human skulls with facial features modeled in clay and eyes represented by cowrie shells, these have been interpreted as:
evidence of an elaborate burial ritual
As temperatures warmed after the last ice ace...
forests replaced tundra, which was pushed north
Natufian Culture
has evidence of feasting associated with burial practices and has a striking amount of artifact decoration and personal adornment found
the cave of Diatonghuan
has important evidence for the transition from wild to domesticated rice
the proposal of farming groups from China brought rice and Neoliithic culture to Thailand
has recently received some support from archaeology
The fertile crescent
has two tips in the Nile Valley and the delta of the tigris and euphrates river
In many parts of the world, the earliest cities developed in:
hot sunny climates
People intensify agriculture
in order to get more food out of the same land and to feed more people
the "broad spectrum revolution"
included a new hunting strategy focusing on small game, birds, fish, and shellfish, in addition to continuing to hunt larger herd animals
Intensifying agriculture leads to
increased production, greater labor input and new technologies
The agriculturists that colonized the Khorat Plateau in Thailand brought:
inhumation burials, weaving techniques and domestic stock
Recent work on the island of Cyprus has shown that early hunter-gatherers there:
introduced wild pigs to the island for hunting, pigs were not indigenous
Southwest Asia's environment
is home to many wild plants and animals; has great geographical variety and climatic diversity
Jomon pottery
is unusually beautiful and complex and can be dated as early as 14,000 BC
after writing was invented in Mesopotamia...
it was used as an instrument of power and control by the state
an important aspect of the Baiyancun site is:
its location along a probable southern route taken by migrating rice farmers, human remains that were found headless and distinctive pottery that incorporates parallel incised lines infilled with impressions
the height of the last ice age
lasted from 21000-18000 years ago, caused sea levels to fall more than 100 m below present level and is also called the Last Glacial Maximum
Between 5500 and 1400BCE, the people of the Korean Chulmun culture:
lived in pit houses, made comb-decorated pottery, lived mostly on marine foods
During the early Epipaleolithic in the semi-arid regions of Southwest Asia
many of the known sites were small, short term seasonal occupations, heavy grinding and pounding implements first appeared and stored harvests of dry grain were being processed
the first cities developed in
mesopotamia
A notable fact about Korean agriculture is that
millet was farmed long before rice was introduced
When people became sedentary and lived in large groups, archaeologists believe that
more centralized authority was required to impose order among people, disputes were more difficult to resolve and group membership became less flexible
The adoption of rice cultivation in Japan in the Yayoi period coincided with changes in technology including
new forms of pottery for cooking, serving and storage and the introduction of pestles, mortars and reaping knives
the rise of states can be traced back to
no single cause, each was the product of its own unique set of circumstances
social competition is
one explanation of why people began growing food
At the onset of the Neolithic in Southwest Asia
people began to make one-piece arrowheads
The Natufians lived in:
permanent settlements
At Ohalo II:
plant storage was extensively practiced
Examples of agricultural intensification include:
plowing, terracing, irrigation
The group of sites in Vietnam that are referred to as the Neolithic Phung Nguyen culture:
represented a complete break in the cultural sequence of this region, contained spindle whorls, stone adzes and nephrite bangles and beads and have pottery that is very similar to ceramics at Baiyancun
the transition to living in permanent village communities:
required new kinds of social organization and resulted in a rise in symbolic behavior to negotiate new social conditions
The main grain crop, which was domesticated in the Yangzi Valley of China was
rice
at chengtoushan
rice fields and irrigation ditches are preserved
Paleobotanical evidence indicates that
rice is not native to Korea, Koreans used the japonica variety of rice, which became cold-adapted and when it arrived, rice was incorporated into communities already farming millet
In classical athens:
rulers had no way of conveying their desires to the public and most drama and poetry was disseminated orally
By the late aceramic Neolithic period, people living in settlements:
seem to have experienced severe stress, were forced to migrate to new territories and were forced to abandon their settlements and shift to nomadic pastoralism
The spread of rice farmers from the Yangzi Valley into southern China and then Southeast Asia may have been facilitated by
several rivers emanating from the eastern Himalayas like the spokes of a wheel
The people of Southwest Asia utilized these animals
sheep, cattle and goats
Items that the epipaleolithic people apparently acquired via trade include
shell
richard lee
showed that hunter gatherer groups such as the !Kung, actually had more leisure time than peasant agriculturalists
the Natufian lifeway is characterized by:
sickle flints used in harvesting
hunter-gatherer societies
some, but not all hunter-gatherer groups produced pottery, and there is evidence that some made baskets and wooden tools
archaeologists today believe that:
state societies are no better or worse than hunter-gatherer societies
Excavations at the Ban Non Wat site have shown that
stone adzes used at the site were made from imported raw materials, people had domesticated pigs and dogs, and the dead were sometimes buried with jewelry made from cowrie shells
Irrigation was usually accomplished by means of:
storage of rainwater or floodwater in tanks and basins and distribution of river water to the fields via canals
During the Boling/Allerod interstadial period:
summer temperatures reached almost their present levels
Early states typically developed in areas
that were good for farming and food production and along the river valleys
What is a probable route that rice agriculturalists used to travel from the Yangzi River in China to the lowlands of the Khorat Plateau in Northeast Thailand?
the Mekong River
In East Asia, farming originated in two areas:
the central Yangzi River Valley and the Yellow River Valley
Some specialists find it hard to acknowledge that Khok Phanom Di was the product of marine hunters and fishers because
the ceramic vessels are of outstanding quality, five burials in one phase were fabulously wealthy, and one women had more than 100,000 shell beads, also people being interred in elaborate mortuary buildings with clay walls
at Kharaneh IV:
the depth of deposits indicates repeated use over a long period of time
"pre-domestic cultivation" refers to:
the fact plants were being cultivated but were not yet domesticated
a monocausal theory of state formation:
the hydraulic hypothesis, the trade imperative, and agricultural surplus
ritual among early Neolithic people is evidenced by:
the positioning of the remains of the interred, such sites as Gobkli Tepe, and the retrieval of skulls from the interred and the curation of them
one form of evidence for the domestication of rice is:
the presence of an abscission scar
What is a probable route that rice agriculturalists used to travel from China to the Dong Nai River basin?
the vietnamese coast
Jacques Cauvin believed that at the beginning of the Neolithic period
there was a symbolic revolution
The aceramic period:
was a time in which goods made from such exotic materials as obsidian, greenstone, marble and copper were being exchanged long distances
Pounding and grinding equipment:
was first associated with Upper Paleolithic foragers
Obsidian, as a material,
was traded "down the line" as people retained some and passed the rest on
Communal buildings in the aceramic Neolithic:
were used for ritual, storage and processing
Early farmers of the Dawenkou culture of eastern China were able to produce ceramics that:
were wheel-thrown and fired and kilns
Species occurring in the wild in Southwest Asia include
wild wheat, barley, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, lentils, peas and beans