Anthropology 2302

Some key features of states are

-high populations, with many thousands to sometimes millions of people -the collection of taxes or tribute from subject populations -the use of force for internal control when needed

Never used writing:

Andean state society

In central Turkey, the change from the aceramic to the ceramic is marked by the fact that

Catalhoyuk continued to be occupied, even though many people left

The hunter-gatherer people who occupied Japan from 10,500 BCE until 300 BCE are called:

The Jomon

The trend toward food production in the Neolithic Southwest Asia might have been stimulated by:

The Younger Dryas climatic reversal, rising populations and new ways of thinking of the world and the peoples place in it

One of the largest Neolithic settlements known in Southwest Asia is:

Uruk

Catalhoyuk was

a Neolithic settlement with remarkable architecture and decorated houses

Dadiwan refers to

a Yellow River Valley Chinese farming site, as well as culture by the same name

state society

a centralized political institution where ruling elites exercise control over populations

Once the first group of states was established, empires formed due to

a desire for economic gain, the desire to neutralize the power of those who might later conquer ones land, and warfare and the conquest of aggressive enemies

Cong

a jade object of roughly tubular shape

When early states emerged in the Old World,

a majority of the human population still lived in non-state farming societies

Jomon-period Japan is a good example of

a sophisticated society that did not adopt agriculture despite its adoption by nearby cultures

The site of Itazuke in northern Kyushu is important because

a sophisticated system of embanked rice fields fed by irrigation canals was found there

The quipu system is

a system of knotted cords used by the Andes-based Inca to keep records

Dolmens are

a type of megalithic tomb found in Korea associated with rice-farming villages

Warmer, wetter post-glacial climates were finally established in China

after the Younger Dryas

early ideas about agriculture included the notion that:

agriculture created more leisure time, allowing people to spend time on cultural pursuits, hunter-gatherers did not understand plants and animals well enough to domesticate them themselves, and hunter-gatherers led a marginal existence, always hungry and on the run

Beneath the walls of the Bronze Age Jericho, the excavators found:

an aceramic Neolithic wall, ditch and tower

The settlements of farmers

are larger and more substantially built than most hunter-gatherer communities

Research in recent decades has confirmed that agriculture

arose independently in just four regions: the near east, europe, africa, and new guinea.

the "skull building" at Catalhoyuk Tepesi is so named:

because of the pile of human skulls found within it

During the Epipaleolithic, Southwest Asian people

began to practice a broad-spectrum subsistence strategy

The people of Catalhoyuk

both hunted and farmed

Gobekli Tepe

can be thought of as a central place containing monumental constructions but no small domestic houses

Across northern Mesopotamia, between the Euphrates and Tigris

ceramic Neolithic sites sprang up in great numbers at new locations

Bruce Trigger divided early states into:

city-states and territorial states

The village cemetery excavated at Peiligang

contained 116 burials in three clusters that might represent clan groups

Early village sites of the Daxi Culture in the middle Yangzi basin

contained houses built of clay and strengthened with bamboo, reeds and rice husks, were sited on higher land, commanding nearby wetlands, and showed evidence of agriculture but also hunting and fishing

As the holocene began:

continents were divided, islands were created and dry land was inundated

Robert Braidwood

defined the fertile zone on the hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent where hunter-gatherers lived

Ester Boserup

demonstrated that intensive agriculture in the past could feed more people but at cost of more labor input per individual

The Yayoi culture is known for having:

domesticated rice, a strategy of using low banks to control water flow in field plots and plowing and transplanting methods of agriculture

In china, the potter's wheel was invented:

during the middle phase of the Dawenkou culture, c. 3500-2900 BC

the practice of burial with many jade and agate ornaments and artifcats is seen

during the transition from hunting to farming

agriculture

establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which certain plants and animals are cultivated and reared

the expansion of farming was particularly rapid across

eurasia

Some sites dated to the aceramic Neolithic contain human skulls with facial features modeled in clay and eyes represented by cowrie shells, these have been interpreted as:

evidence of an elaborate burial ritual

As temperatures warmed after the last ice ace...

forests replaced tundra, which was pushed north

Natufian Culture

has evidence of feasting associated with burial practices and has a striking amount of artifact decoration and personal adornment found

the cave of Diatonghuan

has important evidence for the transition from wild to domesticated rice

the proposal of farming groups from China brought rice and Neoliithic culture to Thailand

has recently received some support from archaeology

The fertile crescent

has two tips in the Nile Valley and the delta of the tigris and euphrates river

In many parts of the world, the earliest cities developed in:

hot sunny climates

People intensify agriculture

in order to get more food out of the same land and to feed more people

the "broad spectrum revolution"

included a new hunting strategy focusing on small game, birds, fish, and shellfish, in addition to continuing to hunt larger herd animals

Intensifying agriculture leads to

increased production, greater labor input and new technologies

The agriculturists that colonized the Khorat Plateau in Thailand brought:

inhumation burials, weaving techniques and domestic stock

Recent work on the island of Cyprus has shown that early hunter-gatherers there:

introduced wild pigs to the island for hunting, pigs were not indigenous

Southwest Asia's environment

is home to many wild plants and animals; has great geographical variety and climatic diversity

Jomon pottery

is unusually beautiful and complex and can be dated as early as 14,000 BC

after writing was invented in Mesopotamia...

it was used as an instrument of power and control by the state

an important aspect of the Baiyancun site is:

its location along a probable southern route taken by migrating rice farmers, human remains that were found headless and distinctive pottery that incorporates parallel incised lines infilled with impressions

the height of the last ice age

lasted from 21000-18000 years ago, caused sea levels to fall more than 100 m below present level and is also called the Last Glacial Maximum

Between 5500 and 1400BCE, the people of the Korean Chulmun culture:

lived in pit houses, made comb-decorated pottery, lived mostly on marine foods

During the early Epipaleolithic in the semi-arid regions of Southwest Asia

many of the known sites were small, short term seasonal occupations, heavy grinding and pounding implements first appeared and stored harvests of dry grain were being processed

the first cities developed in

mesopotamia

A notable fact about Korean agriculture is that

millet was farmed long before rice was introduced

When people became sedentary and lived in large groups, archaeologists believe that

more centralized authority was required to impose order among people, disputes were more difficult to resolve and group membership became less flexible

The adoption of rice cultivation in Japan in the Yayoi period coincided with changes in technology including

new forms of pottery for cooking, serving and storage and the introduction of pestles, mortars and reaping knives

the rise of states can be traced back to

no single cause, each was the product of its own unique set of circumstances

social competition is

one explanation of why people began growing food

At the onset of the Neolithic in Southwest Asia

people began to make one-piece arrowheads

The Natufians lived in:

permanent settlements

At Ohalo II:

plant storage was extensively practiced

Examples of agricultural intensification include:

plowing, terracing, irrigation

The group of sites in Vietnam that are referred to as the Neolithic Phung Nguyen culture:

represented a complete break in the cultural sequence of this region, contained spindle whorls, stone adzes and nephrite bangles and beads and have pottery that is very similar to ceramics at Baiyancun

the transition to living in permanent village communities:

required new kinds of social organization and resulted in a rise in symbolic behavior to negotiate new social conditions

The main grain crop, which was domesticated in the Yangzi Valley of China was

rice

at chengtoushan

rice fields and irrigation ditches are preserved

Paleobotanical evidence indicates that

rice is not native to Korea, Koreans used the japonica variety of rice, which became cold-adapted and when it arrived, rice was incorporated into communities already farming millet

In classical athens:

rulers had no way of conveying their desires to the public and most drama and poetry was disseminated orally

By the late aceramic Neolithic period, people living in settlements:

seem to have experienced severe stress, were forced to migrate to new territories and were forced to abandon their settlements and shift to nomadic pastoralism

The spread of rice farmers from the Yangzi Valley into southern China and then Southeast Asia may have been facilitated by

several rivers emanating from the eastern Himalayas like the spokes of a wheel

The people of Southwest Asia utilized these animals

sheep, cattle and goats

Items that the epipaleolithic people apparently acquired via trade include

shell

richard lee

showed that hunter gatherer groups such as the !Kung, actually had more leisure time than peasant agriculturalists

the Natufian lifeway is characterized by:

sickle flints used in harvesting

hunter-gatherer societies

some, but not all hunter-gatherer groups produced pottery, and there is evidence that some made baskets and wooden tools

archaeologists today believe that:

state societies are no better or worse than hunter-gatherer societies

Excavations at the Ban Non Wat site have shown that

stone adzes used at the site were made from imported raw materials, people had domesticated pigs and dogs, and the dead were sometimes buried with jewelry made from cowrie shells

Irrigation was usually accomplished by means of:

storage of rainwater or floodwater in tanks and basins and distribution of river water to the fields via canals

During the Boling/Allerod interstadial period:

summer temperatures reached almost their present levels

Early states typically developed in areas

that were good for farming and food production and along the river valleys

What is a probable route that rice agriculturalists used to travel from the Yangzi River in China to the lowlands of the Khorat Plateau in Northeast Thailand?

the Mekong River

In East Asia, farming originated in two areas:

the central Yangzi River Valley and the Yellow River Valley

Some specialists find it hard to acknowledge that Khok Phanom Di was the product of marine hunters and fishers because

the ceramic vessels are of outstanding quality, five burials in one phase were fabulously wealthy, and one women had more than 100,000 shell beads, also people being interred in elaborate mortuary buildings with clay walls

at Kharaneh IV:

the depth of deposits indicates repeated use over a long period of time

"pre-domestic cultivation" refers to:

the fact plants were being cultivated but were not yet domesticated

a monocausal theory of state formation:

the hydraulic hypothesis, the trade imperative, and agricultural surplus

ritual among early Neolithic people is evidenced by:

the positioning of the remains of the interred, such sites as Gobkli Tepe, and the retrieval of skulls from the interred and the curation of them

one form of evidence for the domestication of rice is:

the presence of an abscission scar

What is a probable route that rice agriculturalists used to travel from China to the Dong Nai River basin?

the vietnamese coast

Jacques Cauvin believed that at the beginning of the Neolithic period

there was a symbolic revolution

The aceramic period:

was a time in which goods made from such exotic materials as obsidian, greenstone, marble and copper were being exchanged long distances

Pounding and grinding equipment:

was first associated with Upper Paleolithic foragers

Obsidian, as a material,

was traded "down the line" as people retained some and passed the rest on

Communal buildings in the aceramic Neolithic:

were used for ritual, storage and processing

Early farmers of the Dawenkou culture of eastern China were able to produce ceramics that:

were wheel-thrown and fired and kilns

Species occurring in the wild in Southwest Asia include

wild wheat, barley, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, lentils, peas and beans