Anthropology Chapter 1: Anthropology Introduction

when did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

1800s (19th century)

the nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was?

Burnett Tylor

the thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was?

Charles Darwin

the comparative method?

allows anthropologists to derive insights from careful comparisons of cultures or societies

even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because?

applied anthropology

the broadest category of anthropological work is known as_____ in which the anthropologist not only performs research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of some organizations

applied anthropology, practicing anthropology, fifth subfield

subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities is called?

archaeology

subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, human genetics, and nutrition is called?

biological anthropology

the historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called ____ and was a driving force in anthropology

colonialism

subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called?

cultural anthropology

moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement and about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practice is known as?

cultural relativism

research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and works is a _____ study

cultural/ field

a key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is?

develop, test, and disprove hypotheses, theories are tested and supported

what prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

disruptions caused by industrialization in Europe and America, rise of evolutionary theories, spread of European colonialism

the primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to?

do good

assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called?

ethnocentrism

the method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observations of everyday life is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the _____

ethnographic method

_____ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations

evolution

the process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is?

evolution

T/F anthropologist never disguise their informants' identities in order the preserve the transparency of their research process

false

T/F anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing is one of the four subfields

false

T/F contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced"

false

T/F historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories

false

T/F the scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths

false

T/F qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument

false or true?

when cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing ____

field work

linguistic anthropologists traditionally study?

how people communicate, how language shapes group membership and identity, and how people order their natural and cultural environments

what process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

industrialization

subfield of anthropology that studies language is called?

linguistic anthropology

western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as?

proof of their primitive nature

techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing?

quantitative methods

the term diversity, when defined anthropologically?

refers to multiplicity and variety, not the same as difference

during field work, cultural anthropologists?

study ethnic groups, occupations, institutions, advertising, technology of their own cultures as well

a key principle of the holistic perspective is?

the key effort to synthesize these approaches into a single comprehensive explanation: study of human prehistory, social life, language, and biology: provides tools for understanding the who human in context

which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

to observe indigenous ways of life before traditional languages and customs disappeared

T/F a key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

true

T/F diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference"

true

T/F there is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly

true

increasingly, professional anthropologists are?

women, members of ethnic and racial minorities, indigenous peoples