Anthropology Chapter 1: Anthropology Introduction
when did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s (19th century)
the nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was?
Burnett Tylor
the thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was?
Charles Darwin
the comparative method?
allows anthropologists to derive insights from careful comparisons of cultures or societies
even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because?
applied anthropology
the broadest category of anthropological work is known as_____ in which the anthropologist not only performs research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of some organizations
applied anthropology, practicing anthropology, fifth subfield
subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities is called?
archaeology
subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, human genetics, and nutrition is called?
biological anthropology
the historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called ____ and was a driving force in anthropology
colonialism
subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called?
cultural anthropology
moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement and about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practice is known as?
cultural relativism
research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and works is a _____ study
cultural/ field
a key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is?
develop, test, and disprove hypotheses, theories are tested and supported
what prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
disruptions caused by industrialization in Europe and America, rise of evolutionary theories, spread of European colonialism
the primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to?
do good
assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called?
ethnocentrism
the method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observations of everyday life is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the _____
ethnographic method
_____ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations
evolution
the process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is?
evolution
T/F anthropologist never disguise their informants' identities in order the preserve the transparency of their research process
false
T/F anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing is one of the four subfields
false
T/F contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced"
false
T/F historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories
false
T/F the scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths
false
T/F qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument
false or true?
when cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing ____
field work
linguistic anthropologists traditionally study?
how people communicate, how language shapes group membership and identity, and how people order their natural and cultural environments
what process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
industrialization
subfield of anthropology that studies language is called?
linguistic anthropology
western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as?
proof of their primitive nature
techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing?
quantitative methods
the term diversity, when defined anthropologically?
refers to multiplicity and variety, not the same as difference
during field work, cultural anthropologists?
study ethnic groups, occupations, institutions, advertising, technology of their own cultures as well
a key principle of the holistic perspective is?
the key effort to synthesize these approaches into a single comprehensive explanation: study of human prehistory, social life, language, and biology: provides tools for understanding the who human in context
which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
to observe indigenous ways of life before traditional languages and customs disappeared
T/F a key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
true
T/F diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference"
true
T/F there is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly
true
increasingly, professional anthropologists are?
women, members of ethnic and racial minorities, indigenous peoples