Anthropology: Chapter 1 Review

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

-"do no harm" and actually "do good" -moral questions of right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be interested in

Building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures.

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

Cultural Anthropology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as

Cultural Relativism

A key feature of __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rule, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

Culture

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize what?

In-depth and detailed descriptions of social activities and beliefs.

Cultural Relativism

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.

Culture

The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.

True/False: Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

True

True/False: There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.

True

The nineteenth-century British anthropologists credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

E. B. Tylor

Holism

Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation.

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is

Ethnocentrism

Qualitative Methods

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs.

Quantitative Methods

A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed.

The thinker who developed the evolutionary theory or natural selection in the nineteenth century was

Charles Darwin

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.

Qualitative

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

Learn the local language and study the broad aspects of the community, and record information about economic transactions, religious rituals, political organizations, and family.

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

Linguistic Anthropology

Ethics, which are __________, are important to anthropologists.

Moral questions of right and wrong

True/False: Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.

False

True/False: Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."

False

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

How people communicate with one another through language and how language shapes group membership and identity.

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

Natural Selection

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

Nineteenth Century (1800's)

Ethics

Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior.

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

Salvage Paradigm

The paradigm that held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who)

The people or species they study.

Linguistic Anthropology

The study of how people communicate with one another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity.

Anthropology

The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-history, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions.

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as

The superior natural abilities of one group of people allowing them to control an inferior group of people.

Diversity

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

The application go the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on

The social and religious meanings of masks and carved objects in three societies along the Papuan Gulf of New Guinea.

Scientific Method

The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then test these hypotheses.

Biological Anthropology

The study of biological aspects of human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.

Cultural Anthropology

The study of social lives of living communities.

The Human Terrain System, a program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to

Accompany troops into villages to conduct interviews of local people, identifying village leaders and power brokers, and advise the military.

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out.

The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is

Applied Anthropology

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize what?

-That they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization -That those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?

-The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world -Diversity refers to/focuses on multiplicity and variety

Theory

A collection of tested and repeatedly supported hypotheses.

Ethnographic Method

A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community.

Comparative Method

A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.

The comparative method is

A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful one is called __________ and was a driving force in anthropology.

Colonialism

__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.

Evolution

True/False: Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way people actually lived.

False

True/False: The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.

False

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

Hypotheses

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

Industrialization

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research and being clear about the risks involved is called

Informed Consent

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

Proof of their primitive nature

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing.

Quantitive Methods

The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is

The Ethnographic Method

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

The Industrial Revolution (Industrialization)

Evolution

The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations.

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

The complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one.

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

To study culture through systematic connections of different parts.

True/False: A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discussion of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

True

True/False: Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science.

True

True/False: Diversity, when defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."

True

Empirical

Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory.

When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing

Anthropological Fieldwork

Applied Anthropology

Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.

Practicing Anthropology

Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product.

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

Archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

Biological Anthropology