Anthropology: Chapter 1 Review
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
-"do no harm" and actually "do good" -moral questions of right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be interested in
Building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures.
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
Cultural Anthropology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as
Cultural Relativism
A key feature of __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rule, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.
Culture
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize what?
In-depth and detailed descriptions of social activities and beliefs.
Cultural Relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.
Culture
The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.
True/False: Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.
True
True/False: There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.
True
The nineteenth-century British anthropologists credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
E. B. Tylor
Holism
Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation.
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is
Ethnocentrism
Qualitative Methods
A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs.
Quantitative Methods
A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed.
The thinker who developed the evolutionary theory or natural selection in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.
Qualitative
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
Learn the local language and study the broad aspects of the community, and record information about economic transactions, religious rituals, political organizations, and family.
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
Linguistic Anthropology
Ethics, which are __________, are important to anthropologists.
Moral questions of right and wrong
True/False: Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.
False
True/False: Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."
False
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
How people communicate with one another through language and how language shapes group membership and identity.
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
Natural Selection
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
Nineteenth Century (1800's)
Ethics
Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior.
Colonialism
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.
Salvage Paradigm
The paradigm that held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who)
The people or species they study.
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of how people communicate with one another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity.
Anthropology
The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-history, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions.
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
The superior natural abilities of one group of people allowing them to control an inferior group of people.
Diversity
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.
The application go the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
The social and religious meanings of masks and carved objects in three societies along the Papuan Gulf of New Guinea.
Scientific Method
The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then test these hypotheses.
Biological Anthropology
The study of biological aspects of human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.
Archaeology
The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.
Cultural Anthropology
The study of social lives of living communities.
The Human Terrain System, a program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to
Accompany troops into villages to conduct interviews of local people, identifying village leaders and power brokers, and advise the military.
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out.
The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is
Applied Anthropology
A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize what?
-That they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization -That those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?
-The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world -Diversity refers to/focuses on multiplicity and variety
Theory
A collection of tested and repeatedly supported hypotheses.
Ethnographic Method
A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community.
Comparative Method
A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.
The comparative method is
A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful one is called __________ and was a driving force in anthropology.
Colonialism
__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.
Evolution
True/False: Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way people actually lived.
False
True/False: The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.
False
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
Hypotheses
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
Industrialization
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research and being clear about the risks involved is called
Informed Consent
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
Proof of their primitive nature
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing.
Quantitive Methods
The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is
The Ethnographic Method
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
The Industrial Revolution (Industrialization)
Evolution
The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations.
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
The complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.
Industrialization
The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one.
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
To study culture through systematic connections of different parts.
True/False: A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discussion of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
True
True/False: Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science.
True
True/False: Diversity, when defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."
True
Empirical
Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory.
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing
Anthropological Fieldwork
Applied Anthropology
Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.
Practicing Anthropology
Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product.
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
Archaeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
Biological Anthropology