anthropology chapters 1-5
the school based on boas principales
historial particulism
In his study of New York department store employees, Labov found that. what was this study called
. it was called the elite dialects /r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the upper-middle-class store (Saks).while rs in poor stores werent pronounced that often
what did levi streuss believe in
. thinks we have a universal grammer of culture we all have the same hardware but just few dirrerences interested in connections of opposites
horiticulture how big is it, what is some characteristics who does this do they trade and starve often? know 3 characteristics
300- 400 people, infrequent food shortages, yanomamo does this dont trade. have to have lots of land, slash and burn cultivation, move around every 10 years once run out of food in that area
team studies
5 or 6 anthropologists working together doing work.
In the one article we read by a sociolinguist, Deborah Tannens (written way back in 1997), it is observed that:
America has become an argument culture where debate and opposition are automatic in public discourse.
what did geertz believe in
Culture not locked in people's heads, but embodied in public symbols (available for anyone to interpret) believes everyone is an outside on their culture
Anthropologists have noted that culture is often contested. This means that
different groups in a society struggle over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail
What distinction do Gezon and Kottak draw between culture and society
People share society―organized life in groups―with other animals, but culture is distinctly human.
A project discussed in the chapter 1 lecture (and briefly in our textbook) that illustrates some of the weaknesses of relying solely on survey questionnaires was
Rathje's garbage projec
Which one of the following reasons for the conflict in Darfur, Sudan, is most clearly related to issues of making a living as discussed in chapter 5?
Rivalry between agriculturalists and pastoralist groups due to drought-related land and water scarcity.
In survey research, what is sampling?
The collection of a representative sample of a larger population
Although rap music began in the United States, it is now popular all over the world. Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this?
diffusion
What is the most critical element of cultural traditions?
Their transmission through learning rather than through biological inheritance.
Real" anthropology can be done when
a Western anthropologist goes to a tribe a Non-Western anthropologist goes to a Euro-American culture. a Western anthropologists goes to a modern nation. the anthropologist works in his/her own culture
Linguistic displacement is
ability to talk bout things that arent present
What is the term for cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous firsthand contact, want to trade with each other.
acculturation
What mechanism of cultural change is responsible for pidgin English?
acculturation
field work
actually going to the place you are studying
Because general anthropology is holistic and comparative, research within the discipline involves:
all human populations both living and dead
Generalized reciprocity is usually played out
amoung family and close friends
According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is
an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.
Ethnology i
compartive generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology
Among the Hopi, as indicated in "Ties that Bind," clan heads and chiefs of religious societies:
are typically worse off materially than the average member of the clan
What kind of social unit is common among foragers?
band
market distrubution
bargain, law of supply like the us.
who came up with the concept of cultural relativism
boas
cultural relativism
boas did this with native americans. so cultural relativism is the idea that we should give different values and standards respect and try to see what they do from their perspective.
diffusion
borrowing between cultures either directly or not directly
For anthropology, "ethnographies" are know 3 things
building blocks of cultural anthropology, a detailed examination of a single culture, the end product of field work
slash and burn technique
burn the ground to make sure it is fertizlied
Studies of the differences in the use of color terms between female and male Americans suggest that
changes in culture produce changes in language and thought
name 5 fields of anthropology
cultural anthropology, archaelogy, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropoloy, and applied anthropology.
Washoe and Lucy's effort to teach sign language to other chimpanzees is an example of:
cultural transmison
chagnon
did the study on the yanomomo
culture
culture is an organiztion of conventional understanding manifest in art and artifact which persists through tradition and it characterizes a human group
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is
designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general.
symobolic capital
discrimantion based on language. humor in social knowledge
assimilation
dominent culture wants minor culture. minority blends in with the majority. no longer two separate culture units.
As suggested in our article "Understanding Eskimo Science," the quote that Nelson believes epitomizes relationships to the natural world among many Native American people i
each animal knows way more than you do
The process by which children learn culture is known as
enculturation
hunter gathers what is this also called and name some characteristics of itt and who uses this know 2 characteristics do they starve and trade?
eskimos, native americans. also called foraging, can work in low population, the girls get the fruit, nuts, etc while guys look for bigger game. dont starve or trade
Which of the following accurately distinguishes ethnography from ethnology
ethnologists look beyond the particular cultural data that ethnographers describe and interpret to compare and contrast and make generalizations about society and culture
The generalizing, comparative, and theory-building part of cultural anthropology is known as: (and this term also occasionally stands in for the entire sub-field of cultural anthropology)
ethology
Noam Chomsky used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society's system of economic production. true or false
false
There are 6 vowel phonemes in American Standard English, corresponding to the letters a e i o u and sometimes y. true or false
false
name some facts about yanomomo 2 major facts
fight with clubs if promised wife wasnt offered etc cause there violent the more bumps on the head the more you are respected. , have to offer something to them in order to receive,
ebonics
final r's and s;s dropped. ex: you tired
agriculture how big is it, do they trade, and do they starve often what is some characteristics of this
frequent food shortages and trade, spread throughout the world. leads to more disease, work, and risk. more work because multiple steps to produce one item, more risk because depending on the weather everything could be ruined, and more disease because eat one thing not varied diet, close together with people so disease is spread plus we get diseases from animals
school based on malononski principles
functionalism
negative reprocity
give gifts by bringing something in silence, doesnt accept the gift first makes sure if his gift is accepted if it is still there then they keep adding more to it until it is accepted then he finally takes it.
redistrubution
give their goods away but you need neighboring villages to do this.
neolithic
going from hunter gathering nation to agriculture soceity
Which of the following statements about culture is not true? think about humans and culture
humans differ in their capacity for culture
vcrs in madagascar
if child kneeds bread then he can watch movies on vcr this leads to globization because influence in movies
emic perspective
insider perspective on your own culture
generalized reprocity
no strings attached on gift giving
For anthropologists today, the term "primitive
is a misleading term that should be avoided.
Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four-field anthropology?
it has a focus on contemporary cultures
The Counts' article in our reader ("Too Many Bananas") was relevant to this section of our course because
it illustrated a different economic and exchange system than what is familiar to most Americans.
What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue?
languages people speak influence the way they speak
cultures
little things that we all have what makes each group different
focal voc
more words for a single object. ex: nuer has 400 words that they call cows because cows matter to that group
When studying a culture today, anthropologist must consider 3 things
must consider culture contact, external organizations, and power differentials and how they affect cultures.
kin based mode of production
not waged based work for family because they believe they owe their family something
During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will
notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity that eventually fade from consciousness
e·gal·i·tar·i·an
of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
potlatch
once a village has a lot of produce they invite neighboring villages to come and take all their sttuff. they believe if they trade things then they are generous.
balanced reprocity is often called what and what is it
or delayed reprocity. people who live somewhere else do this. they will give you something but expect to get something next time you see them
culture shock
out of water experience, if you can find a functional reason for them doing things the way they are doing then it isnt culture shock
etic perspective
outside perspective on a culture
globization
people from 3rd world countries who leave to richer places and come back to their country, try to change their country because they think their country is poor and they want to modernize it.
tuscon garbage project
people were surveryed but there were two different sets of answers. when asked how much they thought they consumed, vs what they actually found in the garbage. gave them answers to make it seem like they really didnt drink that much beer.
In my comments on the language chapter, I illustrated the 11 vowel sounds in standard American English to help explain the concept of: outside perspective
phonemes
What term did anthropologist Edward T. Hall coin to refer to the study of spatial relations between people?
proxemics
name a thing made in madgascar and how it is made
put trees and leaves in the dirt bury it and light it on fire it makes charcoal
The term alienation is used to describe what phenomenon in industrial economies?
separation of workers from the things they produce
farwest generous spirit
showed the idea of the potluck and the different perspectives of it
Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation?
slash and burn techniques
morphemes
smallest unit of meaning in a language. adding an s at the end
Anthropology, as a discipline, has traditionally had the most in common with the field of
sociology
What do sociolinguists study?
speech in a social context
Anthropologists have worked among groups where goods are exchanged between people, not with an eye towards maximizing profits, but rather __________ .
strengthen social obligations
what is the school based on levi struess principles
structuralism
Anthropology is a holistic discipline in that it
studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and space.
holistic perspective
study of everything
comparative perspective
study of everywhere go to different places to compare
phonetics
study of human speech sounds inside perspective
what is the school based on geertz principles
symbolic antrhropology
participant observation
taking part in events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
As practiced by cultural anthropologists, the classic method of gaining an emic understanding of a people's life is
talking with and participating in daily life of society
longintudial studies
team studies over time, pass on research to their students when they retire or die
Which of the following is not a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers?
telephone questionaries
Ethnography is
the first hand personal experience of a cultural
The anthropological concept of culture can include know 3 things 3 things involve people
the ideas people have, things people make and the way people behave
The problem with relying solely on a few main informants for ethnographic work is that
the informants themselves might not be representative of the rest of the group.
The name "Nacirema" is
the name anthropologist Horace Miner used to describe American culture
informants
the people the antthropologists usually gets all their information from about the village
A study of bilingual Japanese-American women supported Sapir-Whorf in finding that
the same women responded in different ways to questions asked in English and in Japanese.
For Noam Chomsky, the "Universal Grammar" is
the underlying "rules" or similarities of all human languages
pastroalism. do they trade, do they have food shortages, name some characteristts of this and who does this? know 3 characteristics
they do trade with neighboring village usually to get veggies there is a frequent food shortage. they use animal products all of them dont eat meat, and use the blood of their animals as a source of protein. the nuer do this
what did malinoski do
thought of the process of participant observation
Cultural relativism tends to foster
tolerance in anthropologists as they attempt to understand other cultural practices.
Pastoral people in different parts of the world
trade with neighobring people
The key factor that distinguishes agriculturists from horticulturalists is that agriculturalists
use land intensively and continously
Ethnocentrism i
using the values of one's own culture to make judgments about the moral worth of other culture
Four-field anthropology shaped by what
was shaped by early anthropolists interst in native americans
what did chomsky believe in
we have a universal grammer- all languages know how our brain interprets language we grew up with, in all languages
Gmelch's article "Lessons from the Field" reports the results of his research into
what American students learned from an anthropological field school in Barbados
Deborah Tannen's research on the speech habits of men and women has revealed that
women tend to use language to build social connections with others.
