Anthropology Final

Homo erectus dates from ________ million years ago

1.8

What are the sub fields of anthropology

Biological, Cultural, Linguistics, Applied, Archaeology

Which of the following hominin characteristics came first?

Bipedalism

One early tool of the Archeulian tradition is known as the hand axe. Scientists think the hand axe was mostly used for ________

Butchering large animals

Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today?

Carl Linneaus

When a member of a group diverges from acceptable standards, or norms, of social behavior he/she may be ridiculed, arrested, or otherwise pressured into conformity through what Emile Durkheim referred to as _______

Cultural constraints

An advantage of light skin is greater absorption of vitamin _______

D

What form of horticulture involves working the land for a short time, then leaving it idle for a few years?

Pastoralists

What is the central role of museum anthropologist, regardless of their position?

To educate

Into what principle types of political organizations did Elman Service suggest most societies should be classified?

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

Theories are _______

explanations

By "food collection" anthropologist mean the obtaining of food from ________

wild plants and animals

Which of these trends is associated with the increasing commercialization of agriculture?

A smaller portion of society is involved in food production

The rise of food production led to

Health declined; over dependence on certain foods;

In societies where women earn wages

Still have the main responsibility of the home and taking care of the child

What is a dominant trait?

The allele of a gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in the heterozygous form.

The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits though time is called?

Natural selection

What is one explanation for why people are getting taller in many regions of the world?

Natural selection

What is the major principle of the single-origin theory

Neanderthals became extinct

What is the major cause of the disappearance of native language

No one is being taught how to speak it

In 1859 Charles Darwin published

On the Origin of Species

Posimians, monkeys, apes, and humans are all members of the order _______

Primates

The male gorilla can weigh over 400 pounds, while the female gorillas are about half that in size. The differential morphology is an example of _______

Sexual Dimorphism

Societies that practice dowry tend to be those in which _______

Societies with dowry tend to be those in which women contribute little to subsistence activities

Nonhuman vocal systems are often referred to as ________ systems, because they do not combine different calls to produce new meanings.

closed

How might you determine whether hominins were hunters or scavengers?

only hominis hunt very large animals and are terrestrial

Of the following forms of marriage, the rarest is ________

polyandry

Which of these features is a characteristic of a band?

small, usually nomadic local group that is politically autonomous; has an informal headman; foraging or food collection; egalitartian

Participant-observation refers to the

studies the life of the group by sharing in its activities

Doing fieldwork in a particular culture means that ethnographers

study a societies customary behaviors and ideas

Which of these is an example of ethnographic analogy?

study a societies customary behaviors and ideas

Any system of communication consists of publicly accepted ________ by which individuals try to share private experiences

symbols

Which of the following is absent among hominoids?

tail

Which of these is an example of primate tool use?

use sticks to fish out terminates use stones to crack open food

The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in ______

Africa

Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields of anthropology

Applied anthropology

Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at ______

Difference in house sizes and furnishings

The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as _______

Ethnocentrism

What is the difference between a feature and a artifact?

Feature is an artifact of human manufactured that cannot be removed and an artifact is any object made by human

Which type of society is particularly likely to make use of avoidance as a conflict resolution technique?

Foragers

Which field of anthropology is devoted to solving crimes, helping to locate mass graves, and identifying victims of war and state-sponsored brutality?

Forensic anthropology

Who of the following is referred to as the "Father of American Anthropology" having pioneered the four field approach to the study of humans

Franz Boas

Only _____ fossils have been found in North and South America

Homo Sapiens

A dish-shaped pelvis, curved spine, and arched feet are all related to the hominin trait of __________

Humans

Anthropology is literally the study of

Humans

Anthropologist studying gender cross-culturally have documented what interesting feature among some Native American groups such as the Cheyenne, Kaska, Klamath, and Mohave?

In addition to male and female genders, they recognize a third gender in which a person who is biologically male or female takes on the roles of the opposite gender

Although gorillas and chimpanzees appear to have the capacity for symbolic communications, human language is a unique communication system because

Its spoken and symbolic nature permits an infinite number of combinations of meanings

Cross-cultural studies show that which of the following factors is related to higher status for women in many areas of life?

Kin groups and marital residence organized around women

Which of the following is an example of an exogamous marriage tradition?

Marrying outside of a particular kin group

What is adaption

Refers to genetic changes that allows an organisms, to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in

animals

The ideal cultural traits of a society _______

consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave

An adaptive custom is one that

cultural trait that enhances survival and reproductive success in a particular environment

Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is

learned and shared

How does overdependence on a few staple foods increase the risk of famine?

often the ones used for trade

The tool tradition identified with Homo Erectus is the ________

Acheulian

Which of the following may be trained in any or all subfields of anthropology

Applied anthropology

Why did early archaeological artifacts usually end up in natural history museums?

At the time, non-Western artifacts were not considered art, nor were the cultures of non-Western peoples considered part of history.

what are the two broad classifications of subject matter within anthropologist

Biological and cultural anthropology

_____the methodeological and philosophical foundation of anthropology, is the idea that one must suspend judgement of other peoples practices in order to understand them on their own cultural terms.

Cultural Relativism

Of the following theories anthropologist have proposed to explain how gender roles are divided cross-culturally, which theory says that the demands of pregnancy and nursing limit women to performing tasks close to home like cooking and gathering wild plants?

Economy of effort theory

According to the ______ theory, men tend to do more dangerous work because the loss of men is less disadvantageous re productively than the loss of women

Expendibility theory

All societies divide labor by what two factors?

Gender and age

All primates have prehensile

Hands and feet

What was one of the ways Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?

He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.

A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experiences such as local history, physical environment, family, life, language, settlement, patterns, and religions are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________

Holistic approach

Which of the these cultural features is closely associated with class stratification?

Permanent settlements

What is the major difference between relative dating and absolute dating methods?

Relative dating is a method of dating fossils that determines the age of a specimen or deposit relative to a known specimen or deposit vs absolute dating is a method of dating fossils in which the actual age of a deposit or specimen is measured

What is racism?

The belief that some races are inferior to others

To whom do anthropologists have the most important ethical obligation?

The people being studied

In addition to government and politics, political life includes _______

The resolution of disputes

What is protolanguage

a hypothesized ancestral language from which two or more languages seem to have dervived

_________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.

acclimatization

The process of cultural change known as ________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force of due to perceived economic or social advantages

acculturation

In a unilineal descent system, an individual _______

affliations with a group of kin through descent links of one sex only

One sex difference that appears very early in American children, as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available, is greater _______

boys show more aggression than girls

Unlike ethnologists, ethnographers _______

describe a given society based on their own fieldwork.

At present, archaeologists define the Neolithic in terms of the presence of _______

domesticated plants and animals

What is the most important contribution of anthropology to international business?

explaining cultural variation in communication

The custom of allowing a man to marry more than one woman is

found in most of the societies anthropologist study

Charles Darwin was not the first person to discuss evolutionary processes, but he is famous because he

he was the first to provide a comprehensive, well documented explanation of natural selection.

Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations?

intensive agriculture

The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in ___________

kinship, childrearing, and household structure

The term ethnicity involves a group of people emphasizing shared _______

language, history, and culture

CRM archaeologists use an ________ to determine how to protect or salvage as much of the archaeological record as possible before a major building project

mitigation plan

Societies that engage in pastoralism are characterized by

small, highly mobile groups

Racial classifications are ______ categories

social

When referring to humans, race is largely a _______category

social

In egalitarian societies, people may differ in prestige, but these differences are not related too?

social group

What is the focus of ethnology, or cross-cultural research?

the study of why and how recent cultures differ and are similiar

Which statement is true of syntax?

the ways in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences

Primates have a stronger sense of ________ and a weaker sense of _____ than other mammals

vision; smell