Anthropology Test 1

When anthropologists go into the field __

- they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered -they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing -they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time

Ethnocentrism ___

-presents major problems for anthropologist -means you think your culture is superior to others -is a common feature of culture

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

1800s

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned ___

American Sign Language

One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of ___

Ariel surveys, surface surveys, regional surveys, GIS systems

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was __-

Charles Darwin

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was __

E. B. Tylor

In which of the following locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

a factory, a mental institution, New York city neighborhood, the Amazon rainforest

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called ___

action research

An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflects ___

adaptive changes

The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors __

are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

colonialism, globalization, commerce, migration

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

comparative

People participate in globalization by ___

consuming coca-cola, watching TV, migrating to distant cities for work

Financial globalization has allowed for ___

corporations to move factories from one country to another

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called ___

cultural anthropology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as __

cultural relativism

One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that ___

each lineage has a unique history, and thus no organism is "more evolved"

Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?

fieldwork

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that ___

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called __

holistic

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study ___

how our language evolved, how our mouths form words, how indigenous peoples classify their social worlds

Cultural differences are often caused by ____

interconnections between societies

Which of the following features are characteristic of language?

it is stable, it is flexible, it is dynamic

Examples of social institutions are ____

kinship, marriage, farming

Culture is ____

learned and shared

"Owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called ___

migrants

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called ____

morphology

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called ___

morphology

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is __

natural selection

Speciation, when considered as an outcome consistent with Darwin's idea of descent with modification, supports the idea that __

new life forms originate as a result of previously existing ones

In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of ____

niche construction

The influence of figures like Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Galileo Galilei on the intellectual history of evolution is that they showed the importance of __

observing nature and using evidence to build knowledge

As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of ____

participant observation

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

terms for biological species, details about court cases , life histories, opinions on upcoming elections

In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site? ____

test pits

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because ____

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to __

the people or species they study

The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates __

the power of tradition

A key feature of financial globalization is ____

the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade

Jonathan Marks notes that while we do have a 98% similarity in DNA to chimpanzees, this is not what it seems because between different human populations ___

there is considerable variation in both frequency and presence of alleles

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture __

through systematic connections of different parts

One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is ___

through the choice of a sexual partner

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as ___

traditions

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to ___

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

________ explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural and uniform processes over geological time

uniformitarianism

Which of the following is a feature of language?

- it is used to communicate -it is systematic -it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called ____

a creole

Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish ____

a more specific age for a fossil or something organic

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as ____

a pidgin language

A synonym for hybridization is _____

a syncretism, friction, creolization

Remote sensing techniques are __

a way to correlate magnetic and locational data

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called ___

archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called ___

biological anthropology

A taxonomic structure is one that ____

both names and classifies all organisms according to a system

Cultural anthropologists do research by ____

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

Animal call systems ___

can only communicate in response to real world stimuli

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that ___

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called ___

cognate words

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called __

enculturation

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called ____

ethnocentrism

The study of how people classify things in the world is called ___

ethnoscience

The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that ___

evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, is ___

focuses on multiplicity and variety

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called ___

functionalism

The major goal of "development" is___

importing health, expanding capitalist markets, alleviating poverty

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

industrialization

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

intersubjective

A symbol ___

is the basis of human behavior, is something that conventionally stands for something else, includes numbers and the alphabet

One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that ____

it challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory

Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 useful in our understanding of evolution?

it demonstrated that bacteria could quickly develop the ability to resist antibiotics

The success of simple life forms such as bacteria challenges one of the early ideas about evolution because ___

it demonstrates the oversimplification that comes from thinking humans are more highly evolved

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except _____

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to ___

language death

The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?

language ideology

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists ___

learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, study how environmental changes affect agriculture

Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involve _____

learning the local language, becoming involved in people's lives, spending a significant amount of time in the field

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called ___

linguistic anthropology

If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in ___

paleoanthropology

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on ___

parole

Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?

participant observation

Norms are stable because __

people learn them when they are young

_____ refers to the structure of speech sounds

phonology

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as ___

proof of their primitive nature

Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it __

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing __

quantitative data

Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants ____

reasons for doing the research

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by ____

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through __

seriation

Domesticated and wild animals may differ in all the morphological traits listed below except ___

tameness

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is _____

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because ___

the real world is too a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group -language is a guide to social reality -we understand the material world through the language we speak

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that _____

they explain the apparent the decline of cultural diversity

A word that best describes participant observation is _____

unstructured

The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selection—is intimately tied to what larger force?

variation

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because ___

we can speak using a larynx

Biological anthropologist Andrea Wiley's work with lactase persistence is important to public health because it draws attention to ___

what food types we have access to and are privileged in policymaking

Increasingly, professional anthropologists are __

women, members of ethic and racial minorities, indigenous peoples