Anthropology Test 2

True

Among groups of early Homo, longer infant and child dependency may have fostered the creation of home bases.

flakes

Among the stone artifacts found at Olduvai Bed I, which tools predominate?

True

An occipital bun is characteristic of Neanderthal skulls.

True

Burins are chisel-like stone tools used for carving.

Mousterian

Compared with an Acheulian assemblage, a(n) ____________ tool assemblage has a smaller proportion of large core tools such as hand axes and cleavers and a bigger proportion of small flake tools such as scrapers.

50,000

Completely modern looking humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, appeared about ____________ years ago.

Middle Stone Age

For Africa, the term ____________ is used to refer to the Neanderthal period of cultural history.

homo neandertalensis

In 1856, three years before Darwin's publication of The Origin of Species, a skullcap and other fossilized bones of ____________ were discovered in a cave near Dusseldorf, Germany.

2 Million

Only in the last ___________ years has the hominid brain doubled in relative size, and tripled in absolute size.

the bipedalism

Perhaps the most crucial change in early hominid evolution was _______________.

africanus

The Taung child discovery belongs to the species _______________.

Upper Paleolithic

The _______ seems to mark a watershed in the evolution of human culture, allowing humans to expand their physical horizons across the globe and their intellectual horizons into the realms of art and ritual.

True

The creation of home bases may have increased the likelihood of food sharing and encouraged the learned and shared behavior we call culture.

Lower Pleistocene

The oldest cultural materials from Olduvai (Bed I) date from the ____________.

500,000

The transition from Homo erectus to modern humans may have begun as early as ____________ years ago.

2 Million

There is little doubt that shortly after ____________ years ago, hominids were cutting up animal carcasses for meat.

False

We know with certainty that Neanderthals engaged in ritual behavior.

bifacial tool

Whenever a stone has facets removed from both sides of the cutting edge, it is called a(n)____________.

afarensis

Which is perhaps the most well represented australopithecine species?

Ardipithecus ramidus

Which of the following is thought to be the earliest hominid yet found?

600,000

mtDNA evidence suggests to researchers that the ancestors of modern humans and the Neanderthal must have diverged about ____________ years ago.

scrapers

Core tools with flaking along one side and a flat edge are called ____________.

homo sapien sapiens

The paleoanthropologist Christopher Stringer characterized __________ as having "a domed skull, a chin, small eyebrows, brow ridges, and a rather puny skeleton".

Middle Paleolithic

The period of cultural history associated with the Neanderthals is traditionally called the ____________ in Europe and the Near East and dates from about 300,000 years ago to about 40,000 years ago.

robust australopithecine

Some paleoanthropologists think _______________ fossils are so different that they deserve to be classified in a different genus, which they call Paranthropus.

single-orgin theory

According to __________, Neanderthals and non-African populations of Homo erectus are not directly ancestral to modern humans.

160,000

As of now, the oldest unambiguous fossils classified as Homo sapiens come from _________ and date to perhaps ________ years ago.

Australopithecus

Bipedal hominids who lived in East Africa about 4 million years ago, and some others who lived later in East and South Africa, are generally classified _____________.

True

The Levalloisian method enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size instead of simply chipping away from the core at random.

True

The Maglemosian peoples of Northern Europe apparently split large timbers for housing and hollowed out logs to make canoes, using stone axes and adzes.

2 Million

The drying trend that set in about 16 million to 11 million years ago diminished the extent of African rain forests and gave rise to areas of _______________.

True

The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from Upper Paleolithic sites.

percussion flaking

Early stone tools were apparently made by striking one stone with another stone, a technique called ____________.

Java

Examples of Homo erectus were found first in ______________.

True

From the neck down, Homo erectus was practically indistinguishable from Homo sapiens.

mtDNA

The findings that forced a reconsideration of the Neanderthals and their relationship to modern humans were based on analysis of _____________.

True

The stone tool traditions of Homo erectus are traditionally called Lower Paleolithic.

True

Their reduced levels of sexual dimorphism may suggest that Homo erectus developed pair bonding.

post-acheulian

Tool assemblages from the period of cultural history associated with the Neanderthals in Africa are referred to as ____________.

Cro-Magnon

_________ appeared in western Europe about 35,000 years ago and were once thought to be the earliest specimens of modern humans.

regional continuity

__________ is the main evidence used by the multiregional theorists to support their position.

Homo heidelbergensis

____________ differ from H. erectus in having smaller teeth and jaws, a much larger brain (on the order of 1300 cc), a skull that lacks a sagittal keel and occipital torus, a brow ridge that divides into separate arches above each eye, and a more robust skeleton.

Homo sapiens sapiens

____________ differed from the Neanderthals and other early H. sapiens in that they had higher, more bulging foreheads, thinner and lighter bones, smaller faces and jaws, chins, and only slight brow ridges.

multiregional theory

____________ suggests that modern humans evolved in various parts of the Old World after Homo erectus spread out of Africa.

Australopithecus robustus

_______________ is an early hominid characterized by the presence of a well-developed sagittal crest.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

_________________ is an early hominid or possible early hominid that shows no evidence of having been bipedal.

true

retouching occurs when additional flakes are removed from an existing tool to resharpen it.

Monte Verde

The _______________ site indicates that modern humans got to Southern South America by at least 12,500 years ago.