ANTR 350 QUIZ #2

collateral ligaments

connect the joint at both sides; they give medial and lateral stability and prevent dislocation.

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint - synovial joint

patellofemoral joint

the point where the kneecap and femur are connected in the trochlear groove

Extension

while extension typically increases the joint angle. - Extension of the elbow would be the opposite: straightening the joint, bring the hand back to anatomical position.

1. Jaw -Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ).

​The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation between the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. Attached to the joint capsule is a fibrocartilage articular disc divides the joint into a superior and inferior cavity. Lateral and accessory ligaments serve to strengthen the joint.

Clavical

- The curved bone lying horizontally at the top of the thorax. - Collarbone

Scapula

- The curved bone lying horizontally at the top of the thorax. - Shoulder bone

medial epichondyle

-Prominent ridge on the (distal) medial part of humerus - The medial epicondyle of the humerus is an epicondyle of the humerus bone of the upper arm in humans. It is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is directed slightly more posteriorly in the anatomical position.

1. Explain how the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament help to stabilize the spine (also see Section 8.6.2 Joints of the Vertebral Column).

1. Hyperextention- Excessive or extreme extension beyond the normal joint motion. 2. Hyperflexion- Excessive or extreme flexion beyond the normal joint motion.

Manubriosternal

A clinically important manubriosternal joint is located between the manubrium and the body of the sternum. This joint is also known as the sternal angle (of Louis) and is an important palpable landmark.

Costotransverse

The costotransverse joint is between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of a vertebra

a. Costovertebral.

The costovertebral joint is located between each rib head and the body of a thoracic vertebra.

structural support of the hip

The hip joint is also reinforced and stabilized by the strong muscles surrounding it. Stabilizing muscles include the gluteus maximus and piriformis, and especially the gluteus medius (see Appendicular Muscles chapter)

Intercondylar eminene

The intercondylar eminence composed of the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle divides the intercondylar area into anterior and posterior part. The anterior intercondylar area is the location where the anterior cruciate ligament attaches to the tibia.

Phalanges

The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. The thumb has a proximal and distal phalanx, while the rest of the digits have proximal, middle and distal phalanges.

Proximal radioulnar joint

The proximal radioulnar joint is located between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna.

styloid process of the radius

brachioradialis insertion

Synarthrosis

immovable joint - sutures of the cranium

Scapulothoracic joint and how the scapula is held in place

​The scapulothoracic joint is more unusual. It is not a "true" joint because there is no bony articulation between the scapula and thoracic cage, nor is there a synovial, fibrous, or cartilaginous connection. However, the concave surface of the anterior scapula is able to glide on the convex surface of the posterior thoracic cage (specifically, it glides on the surfaces of the subscapularis and serratus anterior muscles), thus giving rise to the scapular movements of elevation and depression, upward and downward rotation, protraction and retraction (see Appendicular Muscles chapter). When the serratus anterior muscle is not fully functioning, the scapula will be pulled away from the rib cage, which is called a "winged scapula."

Describe the differences between synchondroses and symphyses and give examples of each type of joint

- Hyaline cartilage connects bones or parts of bones in synchondrosis joints. The structure of these joints reveals your developmental history, going back to the initial construction of most of your fetal skeleton from hyaline cartilage. As you grew, the ends of the long bones (epiphyses) were connected to the shaft of the bone (diaphysis) via a epiphyseal disc (growth plate). This formed a temporary synchondrosis joint. Once the epiphysis fused to the diaphysis at the growth plate, it became immovable and the joint disappeared. - The joints located between the sternum and costal (rib) cartilage are examples of temporary synchrondrosis joints. - A fibrocartilage disc unites the bones in a symphysis joint. Major examples are the pubic symphysis, located between the two pubic bones, and the intervertebral disc joint, located between adjacent vertebral bodies. Symphysis joints allow slight movement between articulating bones. Since our vertebral columns are made up of multiple symphysis joints, those slight movements can be summed to provide great flexibility to the vertebral column as a whole.

Greater tubercle

- Large lateral prominence; site of the attachment of rotator cuff muscles

Greater trochanter

- A large bony projection lateral to the neck is called the greater trochanter, while the lesser trochanter is located inferior and medial to the neck. These two projections are connected by a ridge of anterior bone known as the intertrochanteric line. The greater trochanter is a process on the lateral part of the proximal extremity of femur. His size is variable between species and it extends upper the head of femur in large animals. It is the attachment for medial, accessory and deep gluteal muscles.

Articulate

- A moveable joint between the rigid parts of an animal - jointed or interrelated

Medial and lateral malleoli

- About two-thirds of the way down the diaphysis of the femur, near its distal epiphysis, this line splits into separate lines that lead to two projections called the medial and lateral epicondyles. The large distal prominences of the tibia and fibula respectively The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.

Acromion process

- The lateral edge of the spine becomes the acromion process, which effectively forms a "roof" over the head of the humerus. The acromion process, also just known as the acromion, articulates with t he acromial end of the clavicle

two bones most involved in wrist fracture*****

- radius -

talocrural joint (ankle joint)

-Distal end of tibia to talus -lateral malleolus of fibula to talus - This articulation allows for plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the foot

a. Atlantooccipital.

C1 has large superior articulating facets that join with the occipital condyles to form the atlanto-occipital joint

7 actions of the glenohumeral joint

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external/lateral rotation, internal/medial rotation and circumduction

a. Zygapophyseal (facet).

Gliding joints are also present between the superior and inferior articulating facets, known as facet (zygophohyseal) joints. Note that it is the superior articulating facet from the inferior vertebra that joins with the inferior articulating facet of the superior vertebrae to form a facet joint. These joints allow slight gliding movements in many directions.

a. Explain the consequences of the mismatch in size of the head of the humerus (large) and the glenoid fossa of the scapula (small).

Stability of shoulder is weaker and more prone to injury

Location of common clavicle fracture

- One common symptom of a clavicle fracture is that the shoulder sags downward and forward, illustrating its role as supportive strut. - The most common fractures of the clavicle are in the middle of the shaft of the bone

Humerus

- The arm, or brachium, is composed of one bone, the humerus. The proximal epiphysis is called the head and its ball shape fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. Just inferior and encircling the head is a groove called the anatomical neck, which is where the proximal epiphysis (head) joined the diaphysis. - Upper arm bone

Medial and lateral borders of the scapula

- The medial border is a thin border and runs parallel to the vertebral column and is therefore often called the vertebral border. The lateral border is often called the axillary border as it runs superolaterally towards the apex of the axilla. It is the thickest and strongest of the three borders for muscle attachment.

Patella

- The patella, a sesamoid bone that develops within the quadriceps muscle tendon, lies anterior to the tibiofemoral joints in a protective position. While protection of the knee joint is indeed a function of the patella, the less obvious but still important role performed by the patella is to improve the biomechanics of the joint. Note that the quadriceps muscles attach to the patella, which in turn attaches to the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament. The patella increases the angle of insertion of the quadriceps ligament upon the tibia. Angle of pull is a factor influencing how much force muscle contraction (in this case the quadriceps) can produce at the end of a lever (in this case, the lower leg—distal tibia and fibula). Thanks to the patella, the biomechanical stability of the quadriceps' action to extend the knee is improved.

What forms articular to form the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?

- The sternoclavicular joint is a synovial joint between the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum. It is the only attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Despite its strength, it is a very mobile joint and can function more like a ball-and-socket type joint. PECTORAL GIRDLE - The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. It is a plane synovial joint.

Ulna

- The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm, the same as the pinky finger. The ulna is widest at its proximal end (at the elbow joint) and continually tapers as you move towards the distal end (near the wrist). - medial bone of the forearm - The radius and the ulna articulate with the humerus at their proximal ends to form the elbow joint. - The radius and ulna also articulate with each other at two different radioulnar joints: the proximal radioulnar joint and the distal radioulnar joint.

Femur

- articulates with the patella - The femur or thigh bone is found in the upper leg and is the longest bone in the body. The femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint, and distally with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint. - The ACL prevents anterior movement of the tibia in relation to the femur. - The hip joint is formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.

Pectoral girdle

- clavicle and scapula - encircles the thoracic cage and supports the upper limb while also providing sites of attachment for numerous skeletal muscles. - In humans this girdle can be found at the superior (i.e., top) and posterior (i.e., backside) of the thoracic cage

Olecranon

- elbow - The olecranon is a large, thick, curved eminence, situated at the upper and back part of the ulna. It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm.

Phalanges

- fingers, toes - The phalanges are the finger bones and there are fourteen total bones to account for. Each individual finger is itself actually made up by three bones: the proximal, the middle, and the distal phalanx. The thumb is unique in that it only has a proximal and distal phalanx. Similar to the metacarpals, each phalanx has a base, shaft, and head region.

Metalcarpals

- hand bones - Metacarpals: 5 bones - The hand, or manus, has five long bones called metacarpals. These are numbered 1-5 (from lateral thumb to medial little finger). Proximally, the metacarpals articulate with the distal row of carpal bones. Distally, each metacarpal articulates with a proximal phalanx. We can identify three parts in each metacarpal, the base which is the proximal epiphysis, the shaft or body which is the diaphysis, and the head which is the distal epiphysis. You can easily appreciate the heads of your metacarpals as these are the knuckles that you see when you make a fist.

three major ligaments that stabilize the ankle

- lateral ligament of the ankle can be sprained. The lateral ligament is comprised of three thin ligaments (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular ligaments) that travel from the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the talus and calcaneous. - The medial or deltoid ligament of the ankle is much wider and stronger. There are four parts to the deltoid ligament that travel from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcaneous, and navicular. The deltoid ligament is so strong that injury on the medial side of the ankle is likely to result in a fracture to the medial malleolus and possible avulsion of the medial malleolus from the tibia rather than sprain of the deltoid ligament. An avulsion fracture is when a fragment of bone is pulled away or separates from the rest of the bone. - The last ligaments that help stabilize the ankle joint are the distal tibiofibular ligaments. These ligaments can be sprained during an impact with ankle rotation. Spraining of the distal tibiofibular ligaments is often called a "high ankle sprain" and often involves a fracture to the ankle.

Pronation

- palm faces posteriorly - Pronation and supination occurs at the radioulnar joints. - Turning the palm posteriorly involves crossing the radius and ulna, and is termed pronation.

Caracoid process

- process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment - The lateral edge of the spine becomes the acromion process, which effectively forms a "roof" over the head of the humerus. The acromion process, also just known as the acromion, articulates with t he acromial end of the clavicle.

a. Compare the actions or degrees of freedom, range of motion, support structures and fit of ball and socket of the shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip

- shoulder is one of the most flexible joints of the body, at the expensive of stability - socket is small, making unstable - socket is loose, allowing for separation between bones - head of humerus is rounded, but not as much as the femur, so it doesn't sit as deeply in joint - stabilized by the rotator cuff, but not as strong as the hip - relatively easy to dislocate shoulder - hip is supported by 5 strong ligaments

Patellar surface

- smooth area where patella rests to form knee cap - it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial.

Supination

- supinator muscle, palm facing anteriorly

ulnohumeral (humeroulnar) joint

- tighter fitted joint The joint capsule surrounding the elbow actually encloses two separate joints. The true elbow joint, known as the ulnohumeral (humeroulnar) joint, is a hinge joint formed by the trochlea of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna. This uniaxial joint allows flexion and extension of the elbow. The trochlear notch of the ulna forms a deep concavity into which the trochlea of the distal humerus fits. Protuberances on either side of the trochlea prevent lateral movement of the articulating ulna, ensuring that movement occurs in only the sagittal plane (flexion-extension). It is therefore quite difficult to dislocate this joi

Carpals

- wrist bones - Carpals: 8 bones - They are arranged in two rows containing four bones each. The carpals are located at the base of the palm. Additionally, these bones are united by ligaments that provide strong articulations while still allowing for useful gliding motions.

Colles fracture

A Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, deformity, and bruising. Complications may include damage to the median nerve. It typically occurs as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand.

a. Intervertebral disc.

A fibrocartilage disc unites the bones in a symphysis joint. Major examples are the pubic symphysis, located between the two pubic bones, and the intervertebral disc joint, located between adjacent vertebral bodies. Symphysis joints allow slight movement between articulating bones. Since our vertebral columns are made up of multiple symphysis joints, those slight movements can be summed to provide great flexibility to the vertebral column as a whole.

radiohumeral (humeroradial) joint

A second joint, the radiohumeral (humeroradial) joint, is formed by the capitulum of the humerus articulating with the head of the radius. This joint not only allows for flexion and extension of the elbow, but also supination and pronation.

Abduction

Abduction is movement away from the midline - median plane of the body for limbs - refer to movement relative to the midline of the structure, such as the hand and foot, respectively.

Adduction

Abduction is movement away from the midline - median plane of the body for limbs - refer to movement relative to the midline of the structure, such as the hand and foot, respectively.

Articulation

An articulation or joint is the meeting-place of two or more bones.

a. List the region that is most vulnerable to dislocation, which is the also the area of the joint with the least amount of support.

Anterior dislocation is the most common, accounting for up to 97% of all shoulder dislocations. Mechanism of injury is usually a blow to an abducted, externally rotated and extended extremity. It may also occur with posterior humerus force or fall on an outstretched arm.

Cartilaginous joints

Cartilaginous joints are classified as such as the bones are connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

bones that articulate to form the sacroilic joint

Each hip bone, specifically the ilium, articulates with sacrum posteriorly at the sacroiliac (SI) joints. Recall that the sacrum is considered part of the axial skeleton, and thus, the sacroiliac joints are the bony connection between the axial skeleton and the lower limb. The sacroiliac joints are gliding synovial joints that are reinforced by strong ligaments located on either side of the joint, called the anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments.

1. Explain how an injury to the intervertebral disc can occur and what happens to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc when it is injured (herniated) (also see Figure 6.16).

Each intervertebral disc consists of a denser fibrocartilaginous outer layer called the annulus fibrosus and a more gelatinous inner layer portion called the nucleus pulposus. The annulus fibrosus contains the jelly-like nucleus pulposus and is adhered tightly the to the body of the adjacent vertebrae. The nucleus pulposus primarily serves as a shock absorber during movement. During the day, and over time in general, the intervertebral disc becomes compressed. Thus, you are slightly taller at the beginning of your day versus the end of your day.

Flexion

Flexion and extension occur within a sagittal plane. Flexion typically decreases the joint angle between the moving segment and its proximal segment - For example, flexion of the elbow would be bending the elbow, bringing the hand toward the shoulder.

functional joint

Functional categories classify joints by the amount of movement allowed. Since structure dictates function, the two types of categories overlap

Fibrous joints

In fibrous joints, connective tissue fibers, primarily collagen, connect bones. The length of the fibers as well as the opposing shapes of the articulating bones determine whether no movement or slight movement is allowed. There are three types of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. - ex- sutures between the skull bones

quadriceps tendon

In human anatomy, the quadriceps tendon works with the quadriceps muscle to extend the leg. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the shin via the patella (knee cap), where the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament.

Tarsals

In the human body, the tarsus is a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus.

Differentiate the roles of the labrum, rotator cuff muscles, ligaments and bursa.

Labrum: keeps ball (heal of humerus) in its socket (glenoid cavity of scapula)Rotator cuff muscles: stabilize glenohumeral jointBusra: contain synovial fluid to reduce friction

Relationship between joint stability and mobility

Movement comes at the price of stability—thus, the more freely movable a joint is, the more likely it is to be injured. The stability-mobility relationship is illustrated by the following diagram.

glenohumeral joint

Multiple soft tissue structures and ligaments aid in the stability of the glenohumeral joint - The shoulder girdle is composed of the clavicle and the scapula, which articulates with the proximal humerus of the upper limb. Four joints are present in the shoulder: the sternoclavicular (SC), acromioclavicular (AC), and scapulothoracic joints, and glenohumeral joint.

Anterior superior iliac spine

Name this specific part of the pelvic bone. The anterior superior iliac spine (abbreviated: ASIS) is a bony projection of the iliac bone and an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis, which provides attachment for the inguinal ligament, and the sartorius muscle.

1. Explain the relationship between mobility and stability as it applies to the glenohumeral joint.

One of the many remarkable features of the normal shoulder is that the glenohumeral joint (the ball and socket joint between the upper arm bone and shoulder blade) is very stable in spite of the vast range of motion available to the joint

Rotation

Rotation of a joint occurs around the longitudinal axis of the moving segment and includes rotation of the head on the neck, rotation of the intervertebral joints of the spine, and rotation at the ball-and-socket type synovial joints (shoulder and hip).

Which wrist bone is most commonly fractured?

Scaphoid bone; susceptible to avascular necrosis

structural joint

Structural categories classify joints by the types of tissue connecting the bones

All upper limbs are

Structure- synovial joints (free movement) Function- diarthrosic- thus give the limbs a wide range of motion.

Suture

Sutures connect the membranous bones of the skull. Due to both the short length of the connective tissue fibers attaching bone to bone and the interlocking nature of the articulating bones, these joints are rendered mostly immovable and are considered to be synarthroses.

Synovial joints

Synovial joints are freely movable joints (diarthroses), that are characterized by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. They are the most common joints in the adult appendicular skeleton (once all the temporary synchondroses represented by the growth plates have closed). They are anatomically complex in their movements; however, all synovial joints share the following common anatomy. - jaw, knees

Gomphosis

Teeth articulate with the maxillary and mandibular sockets via gomphosis joints. The connective tissue fibers that radiate from the tooth's root form the periodontal ligaments. These joints are considered to be synarthroses (immovable)—however, over time, movement can be achieved, as evidenced by the use of braces to re-align teeth.

List the two joints of the elbow and the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two joints

The Humerus (upper arm bone) forms the upper portion of the joint. ... The Ulna is the larger bone of the forearm located on the inner surface of the joint.

anterior cruciate knee ligament

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the key ligaments that help stabilize your knee joint. The ACL connects your thighbone (femur) to your shinbone (tibia). It's most commonly torn during sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction — such as basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball. - This ligament limits extension of the vertebral column and prevents hyperextension - anterior movement of the tibia in relation to the femur (hyperextension)

Anterior and longitudinal ligament role in stabilizing the spine

The anterior longitudinal ligament spans the vertebral column along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies. This ligament limits extension of the vertebral column and prevents hyperextension. The posterior longitudinal ligament spans the vertebral column along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies and is contained within the vertebral canal. This ligament limits flexion of the vertebral column and prevents hyperflexion

Costochondral

The costochondral joint is located between the rib and its costal cartilage. These joints are generally classified as a synchondrosis (and as a synarthrosis), as there is generally no movement allowed at this joint. However, a direct blow to this region can cause the rib to dislocate from its cartilage, which is known as a rib separation.

Coxal

The coxal bone (hip bone, pelvic bone) is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity.

bones that articulate to form the hip joints

The hip joint, like the shoulder, is a triaxial ball-and-socket joint. The socket portion of the joint is the acetabulum, which is formed from a portion of all three os coxae bones (the ilium, ischium, and pubis). The ball portion is the femoral head. The acetabulum forms a much deeper socket than that found in the shoulder with the glenoid fossa. The femoral head, thus, has a greater area of contact (approximately 50% of the femoral head is in contact with the acetabulum, as compared to about 25% for the humerus-glenoid fossa), and a tighter fit. It is possible to dislocate the hip, but it's much more difficult than the shoulder.

1. List the two joints of the knee and the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two joints

The knee joint consists of two articulations - tibiofemoral and patellofemoral. The joint surfaces are lined with hyaline cartilage and are enclosed within a single joint cavity. Tibiofemoral - medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibial condyles.

a. List and describe the two major actions at the knee joint.

The knee joint is a hinge type synovial joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small degree of medial and lateral rotation). It is formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia.

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg - The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones.

lateral condyle of femur

The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is broader both in its front-to-back and transverse diameters.

lateral epichondyl

The lateral epicondyle is a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the Supinator and some of the Extensor muscles. The epicondyles are continuous above with the supracondylar ridges.

medial condyle of tibia

The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur, the other being the lateral condyle. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the centre of mass being medial to the knee

medial condyle of femur

The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur, the other being the lateral condyle. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the centre of mass being medial to the knee.

Medial and lateral epichondyles

The medial epicondyle of the humerus is an epicondyle of the humerus bone of the upper arm in humans. It is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is directed slightly more posteriorly in the anatomical position. ... The medial epicondyle is located on the distal end of the humerus.

meniscus

The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of tough, rubbery cartilage that acts as a shock absorber between your shinbone and thighbone. It can be torn if you suddenly twist your knee while bearing weight on it.

metatarsals

The metatarsals are located in the forefoot, between the tarsals and phalanges. They are numbered I-V (medial to lateral).

a. Describe which of the bones of the knee joint is sesamoid and how it is held in place.

The patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the body, and is embedded in the tendon of the quadricep femur anterior to the knee joint. It is a thick, flat bone, distally triangular, proximally curved, and it has anterior and posterior surfaces, three borders and an apex.

posterior cruciate knee ligament

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a ligament in each knee of humans and various other animals. It works as a counterpart to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur. - This ligament limits flexion of the vertebral column and prevents hyperflexion - posterior movement of the tibia in relation to the femur (hyperflexion)

Radius

The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm, the same side as the thumb. The shaft of the radius is wider wider at its distal end (nearest the wrist) and tapers up to the proximal end (nearest the elbow).

six movements of the scapula at the scapulothoracic joint

The scapula moves by gliding against the chest wall in three degrees of freedom; Elevation (range of motion 40°) - depression (RoM 10°) Protraction (20°) - retraction (15°) External rotation (60°) - Internal rotation (30°)

Spine of the scapula

The spine of the scapula or scapular spine is a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa.

Sternocostal

The sternocostal joint is where the costal cartilage of ribs 1-7 articulate with the sternum. The first sternocostal joint is classified as a synchondrosis (and as a synarthrosis), with no movement. The sternocostal joints of ribs 2-7 are classified as gliding synovial joints. This joint can also become dislocated, and this is referred to as a rib dislocation.

styloid process of the ulna

The styloid process of the ulna is found at distal end of the forearm, and projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist.

Tibia

The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane or centre-line. The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of the leg, forming a type of fibrous joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute tibia.

tibiofermoral joint

The tibiofemoral joint is a hinge synovial joint that joins the distal femur to the proximal tibia. The articulation occurs between the medial and lateral femoral condyles and the tibial condyles.

a. List and describe the actions at the radiocarpal joint.

The wrist joint, known as the radiocarpal joint, is located between the distal radius and the carpals bones, specifically the sphenoid and the lunate. This joint allows for flexion and extension as well as abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation) and circumduction. Intercarpal joints are located between each adjacent carpal bone. A single midcarpal joint is located between the proximal and distal row of carpal bones.

a. Atlantoaxial

There are two (left and right) lateral atlanto-axial joints, located between the superior articulating processes of the axis and the inferior articulating processes of the atlas. These function similarly to the other facet joints of the vertebral column, as they are also gliding synovial joints. ​

Sternal angle used as a landmark to locate other anatomical features

Two joints are located between the ribs and the vertebrae. The costovertebral joint is located between each rib head and the body of a thoracic vertebra. The costotransverse joint is located between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. Both of these joints are gliding synovial joints.

what type of joint is the elbow?

a hinge joint

subtalar joint

a joint in the ankle found between the talus and calcaneus

subtalar joint

a joint in the ankle found between the talus and calcaneus - This joint allows for inversion and eversion of the foot.

talocrural joint

a joint in the ankle found between the tibia, fibula, and talus

Medial and lateral epicondyles

allow the corresponding processes of the ulna to move freely when the elbow is bent and extended The prominent bony projection on the medial side is the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The much smaller lateral epicondyle of the humerus is found on the lateral side of the distal humerus.

Ishial tuberosity

also known colloquially as the sit bones or sitz bones, or as a pair the sitting bones is a large swelling posteriorly on the superior ramus of the ischium. It marks the lateral boundary of the pelvic outlet. origin of hamstrings

lateral condyle of tibia

articulates with lateral condyle of femur - The lateral condyle is the lateral portion of the upper extremity of tibia. It serves as the insertion for the biceps femoris muscle (small slip). Most of the tendon of the biceps femoris inserts on the fibula.

distal tibiofibular joint

articulation between the distal fibula and the fibular notch of the tibia

proximal tibiofibular joint

articulation between the head of the fibula and the inferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia

Patellar ligament

connects patella to tibia but which still performs the function of a tendon—to attach muscle to bone (and transmit tension generated by that muscle to the bone).​

Intercondylar fossa

depression between the condyles The intercondylar fossa of femur (intercondyloid fossa of femur, intercondylar notch of femur) is a deep notch between the rear surfaces of the medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur, two protrusions on the distal end of the femur (thigh bone) that joins the knee.

Plane (gliding) synovial joints

describes joints that have no identifiable axis of rotation, and thus are categorized as "nonaxial." Rather, these articulations, which feature flat or nearly-flat articular surfaces, allow slight gliding movements in many directions. The amount of movement is limited by the ligaments or bony processes surrounding each articulation. Examples of where these small joints are found include between articular facets on the vertebral arches, between most carpal and tarsal bones, and between ribs and vertebrae. Note that despite their small size and the small amount of movement allowed, each gliding joint is a true synovial joint with all the anatomical structures present—including joint capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid.

seven actions at the hip joint

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation

Iliac crest

found on the top of the hip bone. he iliac crest is the curved superior border of the ilium, the largest of the three bones that merge to form the os coxa, or hip bone. It is located on the superior and lateral edge of the ilium very close to the surface of the skin in the hip region.

anatomical location of a hip fracture and the primary cause

fracture- More than 90% of all hip fractures occur in falls [36] as the femur is subjected to a high-level impact force. As shown in Figure 1(b), in a sideways fall, the greater trochanter and the femoral head are subjected to the impact and the joint force, respectively, from the ground and the acetabulum.

Common injuries of the hip and shoulder

hip: bursitis, labral tear, dislocation, shoulder: shoulder instability, rotator cuff tear, overuse

Describe the anatomical region of each joint (medial or lateral)

humerus- lateral ulna- medial

Distal radioular joint

is the articulation between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius. Both of these joints are pivot synovial joints that allow for pronation and supination of the forearm

Acromial end of the clavical

lateral - lateral acromial end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula.

cruciate ligaments

make possible the movements of the knee. These are known as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross

sternal end of the clavical

medial - The medial sternal end articulates with the manubrium of sternum

forefoot

metatarsals and phalanges

Syndesmosis

n a syndesmosis, bones are connected by an interosseous ligament. Thus, the connective tissue fibers binding bones together are longer than in sutures and only allow a slight shift or "give" movement and are thus considered to be amphiarthroses. An example is the distal tibiofibular articulation. The "give" movement allowed by the syndesmosis functions to improve the range of motion for ankle movements. The interosseous ligament joining the tibia and fibula is another example.

mid foot

navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms

Shoulder seperation vs dislocation

o AC separation o GH dislocation

Tibial tuberosity

point where the patellar ligament attaches

Head of the fibula

proximal end of fibula

Head of the fibula

proximal end of fibula The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia.

bones that articulate to form the pubic sympysis

pubic symphysis, located between the two pubic bones, and the intervertebral disc joint, located between adjacent vertebral bodies.

Pivot synovial joints

rotate about a longitudinal axis and feature an articular surface shaped like a cylinder, which rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament. An example is the atlanto-axial joint between the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae, in which the cylinder is the dens or odontoid process of the axis (C2) and the ring is formed by the anterior arch and transverse ligament of the atlas (C1). The uniaxial movement allowed is rotation to the left and right. A second example is the proximal radioulnar joint, in which the head of the radius rotates within a ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament. The movement allowed is pronation and supination of the forearm.​

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint - public symphysis

Hinge synovial joints

such as the "true" elbow, feature a concave surface (trochlear notch in the olecranon of the ulna) articulating with a convex surface (trochlea of the humerus). Other examples include the interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes. While the knee is often labeled a hinge, this can be considered inaccurate both structurally and functionally, as we will describe shortly. Hinge joints allow flexion and extension, occurring in the antero-posterior plane.

1. List the three bony regions that together form the coxal bone (hip, ox coxae bone).

the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These three bones fuse at the deep hemispherical socket, the acetabulum, which receives the femur.

tibiofemoral joint

the point where the tibia meets with the femur

Ball and socket synovial joints

which are the shoulder and hip, feature a spherical surface (humeral and femoral heads) articulating with a cup-shaped socket. Ball and socket joints have three planes of movement; rotation about a longitudinal axis in addition to the flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction found in biaxial joints.

Difference between functional classification of joints and structural classification

​Joints can be classified or categorized in two ways. Structural categories classify joints by the types of tissue connecting the bones. Functional categories classify joints by the amount of movement allowed. Since structure dictates function, the two types of categories overlap (Table 8.1).