ap bio unit 7

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to

Choose which organisms breed, and not breed

Researchers were modeling the effects of repeated cycles of isolation with occasional interbreeding among five hypothetical fish species (species A, B, C, D, and E) found in two separate lakes (lakes I and II) that are occasionally joined by flooding, as shown in Figure 1. The research team indicated that species A would be considered to be the single common ancestor of species B, C, D, and E. Which of the following data could best support the claim that species B arose from a speciation event in Lake I?

DNA analysis shows fewer differences between species A and species B in Lake I than between species B and the populations in Lake II.

In one region of New Jersey there exists two distinct types of one species *0/1 of snake

Disruptive selection

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

Each of these structures persistently presented greater cost than benefit over time.

The bird, Parus major, is commonly found in man-made habitats. During *1/1 the summer these birds primarily feed on insects, and in the winter, when insects are scarce, they forage in gardens and bird feeders for seeds, nuts, and berries. Recently, climate change has led to a decrease in food available from gardens, and scientists have observed that the average beak length of the birds has increased. Which of the following best explains the directional shift in beak length in these birds?

Longer beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders.

Which statement best describes the evolution of pesticide resistance in a population of insects?

Offspring of insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring

A scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material. Which of the following would be a workable alternate hypothesis?

RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate.

Researchers were modeling the effects of repeated cycles of isolation with occasional interbreeding among five hypothetical fish species (species A, B, C, D, and E) found in two separate lakes (lakes I and II) that are occasionally joined by flooding, as shown in Figure 1. The research team indicated that species A would be considered to be the single common ancestor of species B, C, D, and E. Which of the following mechanisms could most likely account for the origin of species B in Lake 1?

Sympatric speciation

The oxygen revolution changed Earths environment dramaticall. Which of the following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?

The evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules

A small number of lizards from a mainland population have been deposited on four isolated islands because of the effects of a rare strong storm. Which of the following best predicts the outcome of these lizards reproducing for many generations on the islands?

The isolation prevents gene flow; thus, the lizards on different islands experience prezygotic isolation.

Many scientists claim that the synthesis of the first organic molecules from inorganic precursors was possible because of the highly reducing atmosphere found on primitive Earth. Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim?

The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth.

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

They should share fewer homologous structures, than more closely related organisms

Humans vary in their ability to taste the bitter chemical compound phenylthiocarbamide ( PTC). The taster phenotype is dominant to the nontaster phenotype. Researchers tested the PTC taster phenotype of individuals from an isolated population. In the sample, 780 individuals were able to taste PTC and 70 individuals were not able to taste PTC .Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the non-taster allele?

0.29

In a long-term study of a population of gray squirrels, researchers observed that most of the squirrels had gray fur. However, there were some individuals in the population with white fur (albino). Genetic analysis revealed that the albino condition is expressed by individuals who are homozygous recessive (gg) . Over a ten-year period, the average frequency of albino squirrels in the population was 0.18. If the population is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the average frequency of the dominant allele is closest to which of the following?

0.58

Gaucher disease type 1 ( GD1 ) is a recessive genetic disease that affects 1 in 900 individuals in a particular population. GD1 is caused by a mutation in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequency of the wild-type (nonmutant) allele for the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.

0.967

Three living species X,Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that includes species T, X, Y, and Z makes up

A paraphyletic group

Match the following mechanism to it's description: (one won't be used) *

Can result in a new island population with limited gene pool=founder effect. Constitutes all of the alleles in a population=gene pool. Leads to new species with certain traits desired by humans=artificial selection. A result of drastic reduction in population size due to sudden changes in the environment=bottleneck effect

Students analyzed several photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms in the laboratory to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The organisms were Spirogyra (a green alga), a moss, a spruce tree, and an apple tree. Table 1 compares several characteristics in the organisms ( + indicates the trait is present, - indicates the trait is absent). Which of the following rows of data listed in table 1 best supports the possibility of a common ancestor for the organisms listed there?

Cell wall composed of cellulose

African elephants, Loxodonta africana, are often hunted illegally for their *0/1 tusks. Both male and female elephants have tusks, although the tusks are much larger in the males. Researchers have followed the elephant population in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique for many years. Figure 1 shows the percent of tuskless female elephants expected in wild populations throughout the species' range, as well as the percent of tuskless females that survived the hunting between 1977 and 1992 (those over 25 years old and the percent of female elephants born after 1992 without tusks in the park. The data are based on 200 known female elephants in the park. Which of the following best describes the process responsible for the change in the percent of tuskless female elephants in the Gorongosa National Park population shown in Figure 1 ?

Human hunting of elephants with tusks between 1977 and 1992

Which of the following best explains how the ecological conditions are likely to be different in the two models?

In model A the ecological conditions change gradually over a long period of time; in model B the ecological conditions remain unchanged for long periods of time and then change drastically.

Natural selection is based on all of the following except

Individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

What must be true of any organism that is described as vestigial?

It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor

Rock pocket mice live in the deserts of the American southwest. Ancestral pocket mice all had light-colored coats that blended in with the region's rocks and sandy soil, keeping the mice hidden from predatory owls. About 1.7 million years ago, a series of volcanic eruptions spewed out wide trails of black lava into the middle of rock pocket mouse territory. Currently there are two color morphs of rock pocket mice: light-colored mice that are typically found in habitats with sandy soil, and dark-colored mice that are typically found in habitats with dark-colored lava rocks. Which of the following best justifies the claim that alleles that may be adaptive in one type of environment can be deleterious in another because of different selective pressures?

Light-colored mice are significantly more susceptible to predation by owls in habitats with lava rocks than in habitats with sandy soil.

Researchers observed selected internal structures of four different microscopic organisms as part of a larger study on the divergence between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Their observations are recorded in Figure 1.The figure presents the cell structure of 4 organisms. Organism 1 contains only one circular chromosome. Organism 2 contains a nucleus with three linear chromosomes and one mitochondrion. Organism 3 contains one chloroplast, a nucleus with three linear chromosomes and one mitochondrion. Organism 4 contains only three linear chromosomes Which organism would the researchers most likely predict to be the most distantly related to eukaryotes?

Organism I

Currently two extant (not yet extinct) elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonata, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Which statement should be true?

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies, than with species Z

The California newt, Taricha torosa, lives in the coastal areas around Los Angeles. Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis relating fitness to survival of a bottleneck event in a coastal area where a small, isolated population of California newts resides?

Surviving the bottleneck event will be random, so any change in the allelic frequencies of the salamander population is not attributed to fitness.

A current challenge for doctors involves the bacterial strain Clostridioides difficile, which no longer responds to traditional antibiotic treatments. Which of the following best explains why this particular strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic treatment?

The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates.

Some scientists claim that amphibians are currently experiencing a period of mass extinction. Which of the following should be included in an alternative hypothesis that would best support this claim?

The current extinction rate of amphibians compared with the background rate of extinction as determined by the fossil record

Female European corn borer moths (Ostrinia nubilalis) produce the sex pheromone 11 - tetradecenyl acetate (11-TDA ), which attracts males of their species. 11-TDA can be produced in two forms, E and Z, each with a different three-dimensional shape. Researchers have discovered two different strains of the European corn borer moth living in the same area. Females of the E strain produce primarily the E form of 11-TDA and females of the Z strain produce primarily the Z form of 11-TDA. Males of both strains are more attracted to the form of 11-TDA produced by the females of the same strain. Which of the following best predicts a long-term effect of the differences between the E and Z strains?

The difference between the forms of the sex pheromone 11-TDA produced by E and Z strains will act as a prezygotic reproductive barrier leading to sympatric speciation.

In eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant to the allele for gray fur (b) . In a particular population of gray squirrels, 64% have black fur and 36% have gray fur. A researcher calculated the allelic frequencies to be B=0.4 and b=0.6 . Five years later, the researcher returned to the location and determined the allelic frequencies within the squirrel population to be B=0.6 and b=0.4. Which of the following could best explain the increase in the frequency of the B allele in the population after five years?

The frequency of the B allele increased due to the selective pressures of the environment.

Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis regarding the phenotypic frequencies of this population of salamanders before and after the flood?

The proportions of black, dark-brown, and light-brown salamanders before and after the flood are not significantly different, and any observed differences are due to random chance.

Hemoglobin is a highly conserved protein used by all mammals to transport oxygen. Table 1 was constructed by comparing the amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin molecules from five different mammal species. Which of the following best describes the importance of the number of amino acid differences indicated in Table 1?

They reflect the number of base pair changes in the DNA.

The prevailing belief of the 19th century was that the Earth was __ years old; Lyell's research proposed the Earth was __ years old, but we now know the Earth is ___ of years old. Enough time for evolution to occur

Thousands; millions; billions

Which of the following statements best explains how a condition of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium results in a population that exhibits stable allele frequencies (i.e., a nonevolving population) ?

Without migration or mutation, new alleles cannot be introduced to the population.

Over many years of a breeding program, a zoo has an established population of foxes that is well adapted for living in captivity. A representative sample of wild foxes from the neighboring forest was used to start the zoo population. A study was conducted to compare the behavior of the zoo fox population with the wild fox population in the neighboring forest. The behaviors of equal numbers of foxes from each population were assessed. Each fox's behavior was scored on a continuum from docile to aggressive based on its interaction with a trained behaviorist. The data is shown in Figure 1. The phenotypic variation in behavior between the two populations can best be described as resulting from

artificial selection

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

gene flow