AP Bio

The process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells is called (A) Cell division. (B) Metaphase. (C) Interphase. (D) Mitosis.

(A) Cell division.

What cancer is caused by a virus? (A) Cervical cancer (B) Lung cancer (C) Liver cancer (D) Brain cancer

(A) Cervical cancer

What is the role of the spindle during mitosis? (A) It helps separate the chromosomes. (B) It breaks down the nuclear membrane. (C) It duplicates the DNA. (D) It makes the chromosomes visible.

(A) It helps separate the chromosomes.

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? (A) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (B) Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (C) Interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis (D) Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

(A) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The cell cycle is the (A) Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. (B) Period of time between the birth and the death of a cell. (C) Time from prophase until cytokinesis. (D) Time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.

(A) Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

What happens to a cell's surface area to volume ratio as the volume of a cell increases? (A) The ratio decreases (B) The ratio increases (C) The ratio stays the same (D) The ratio disappears

(A) The ratio decreases

One factor common to almost all cancers is (A) A lack of cyclin. (B) A defect in gene p53. (C) Exposure to tobacco smoke. (D) Exposure to radiation.

(B) A defect in gene p53.

When a growing cell undergoes cellular division, each new cell gets? (A) Half the DNA from the original cell. (B) A full copy of all of the DNA in the original cell. (C) Twice as much DNA as the original cell. (D) A random sample of the DNA in the original cell.

(B) A full copy of all of the DNA in the original cell.

All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPT (A) DNA overload (B) Excess oxygen (C) Obtaining enough food (D) Expelling wastes

(B) Excess oxygen

Once a multicellular organism reaches adult size, the cells in its body (A) Stop dividing. (B) Grow and divide at different rates depending on the type. (C) Have the same life span between cell divisions. (D) Undergo cellular division randomly.

(B) Grow and divide at different rates depending on the type.

After cell division, each daughter cell (A) Has a lower surface area to volume ratio than the parent cell. (B) Has a higher surface area to volume ratio than the parent cell. (C) Has more DNA in its nucleus than the parent cell. (D) Has less DNA in its nucleus than the parent cell.

(B) Has a higher surface area to volume ratio than the parent cell.

The cell cycle is believed to be controlled by proteins called (A) spindles. (B) cyclins. (C) regulators. (D) centrosomes.

(B) cyclins.

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited? (a)Movement of oxygen into a cell (b)Movement of water through aquaporins (c)Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient (d)Facilitated diffusion of a permeable substance

(c)Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient.

Cystic fibrosis is a recessively inherited disorder that results from a mutation in the gene encoding CFTR chloride ion channels located on the surface of many epithelial cells. As shown in the figure, the mutation prevents the normal movement of chloride ions from the cytosol of the cell to the extracellular fluid. As a consequence of the mutation, the mucus layer that is normally present on the surface of the cells becomes exceptionally dehydrated and viscous. An answer to which of the following questions would provide the most information about the association between the CFTR mutation and the viscous mucus? (A) Is the mucus also secreted from the cells through the CFTR proteins? (B) How does the disrupted chloride movement affect the movement of sodium ions and water by the cell? (C) How does the mutation alter the structure of the CFTR proteins? (D) What is the change in nucleotide sequence that results in the CFTR mutation?

(B)How does the disrupted chloride movement affect the movement of sodium ions and water by the cell? Epithelial cells: Cells that come from the surfaces of our body, such as our skin, blood vessels, unrinary tract, or organs. They act as a barrier between inside and outside of our body and protect it from viruses.

During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having eight chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing (A) 2 chromosomes (B) 4 chromosomes (C) 8 chromosomes (D) 16 chromosomes

(C) 8 chromosomes

Cells from which structure make blood cells throughout your life? (A) Liver (B) Spleen (C) Bone marrow (D) Spinal cord

(C) Bone marrow

One effect of an internal regulator is that a cell will not begin mitosis until (A) It becomes too large. (B) The cell's growth is stimulated (C) It is in physical contact with other cells. (D) All its chromosomes have been replicated.

(D) All its chromosomes have been replicated.

Which of the following is a phase in the cell cycle? (A) G1 phase (B) G2 phase (C) M phase (D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

Cytokinesis usually occurs (A) During interphase. (B) After telophase. (C) During anaphase. (D) At the same time as telophase.

(D) At the same time as telophase.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle? (A) Little happens during the G1 and G2 phases. (B) DNA replicates during cytokinesis. (C) The M phase is usually the longest phase. (D) Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases.

(D) Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases.

The two main stages of cell division are called (A) Mitosis and interphase (B) Synthesis and cytokinesis (C) The M phase and the S phase (D) Mitosis and cytokinesis

(D) Mitosis and cytokinesis

Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support which of the following claims about DNA? (A) The ratios of base pairs are constant. (B) The nucleotide sequence determines genetic information. (C) The two strands of DNA are antiparallel. (D) The basic molecular structure is a helix.

(D) The basic molecular structure is a helix.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle? (A) Interphase is usually the longest phase. (B) DNA replicates during the S phase. (C) Cell division ends with cytokinesis. (D) The size of the cell increases during the G2 phase.

(D) The size of the cell increases during the G2 phase.

In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed transformation experiments using live, harmless bacteria and extracts from virulent bacteria treated with various enzymes. Which of the following enzymes were used and why? (a)Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors (b)Lipase (an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of lipids) to rule out lipoproteins as the transforming factor (c)Kinase (an enzyme that facilitates transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a substance molecule) to show that transformation is phosphorylation dependent (d)ATPase to show that transformation is not dependent on ATP

(a)Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors Virulent: (of a disease or poison) extremely severe or harmful in its effects.

The vertebrate forelimb initially develops in the embryo as a solid mass of tissue. As development progresses, the solid mass near the end of the forelimb is remodeled into individual digits. Which of the following best explains the role of apoptosis in remodeling of the forelimb. (a)Apoptosis replaces old cells with new ones that are less likely to contain mutations. (b)Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells. (c)Apoptosis involves the destruction of extra cells in the developing forelimb, which provides nutrients for phagocytic cells. (d)Apoptosis in the developing forelimbs triggers the differentiation of cells whose fate was not already determined.

(b)Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells.

Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle? (a)How does chlorophyll capture light? (b)How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates? (c)How is NADP+ reduced to NADPH? (d)How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?

(b)How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

Beaked whales feed at various depths, but they defecate at the ocean's surface. Nitrogen-rich whale feces deposited in surface waters supply nutrients for algae that are eaten by surface-dwelling fish. Which of the following best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased? (a)There would be a reduction in surface nitrogen concentration, which would cause an algal bloom. (b)The surface fish populations would decline due to reduced populations of algae. (c)The remaining whales would accumulate mutations at a faster rate. (d)The remaining whales would be forced to forage in the deepest parts of the ocean.

(b)The surface fish populations would decline due to reduced populations of algae. Defecate: discharge feces from the body.

If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the (a) Replication of chromosomes only in the G1 cell (b) Exiting of both cells from the cell cycle and into the G0 phase (c) Condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells (d) Transfer of organelles from the G1 cell to the cell in the M phase

(c)Condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells

Scientists have found that the existing populations of a certain species of amphibian are small in number, lacking in genetic diversity, and separated from each other by wide areas of dry land. Which of the following human actions is most likely to improve the long-term survival of the amphibians? (a)Cloning the largest individuals to counteract the effects of aggressive predation (b)Reducing the population size by one-fifth to decrease competition for limited resource (c)Constructing a dam and irrigation system to control flooding (d)Building ponds in the areas of dry land to promote interbreeding between the separated populations

(d)Building ponds in the areas of dry land to promote interbreeding between the separated populations

A new mutation that arose in one copy of gene X in a somatic cell resulted in the formation of a tumor. Which of the following pieces of evidence best describes how the new mutation directly caused the tumor? (a)Protein X normally stimulates cell division, and the mutation created an overactive version of protein X. (b)Protein X normally activates a growth hormone receptor, and the mutation decreased the stability of protein X. (c)Protein X normally prevents passage through the cell cycle, and the mutation created an overactive version of protein X. (d)Protein X normally regulates gene expression, and the mutation created an underactive version of protein X that blocked the cell cycle.

a)Protein X normally stimulates cell division, and the mutation created an overactive version of protein X.