AP Biology Study Guide M
21. The student calculates a chi-square value of 0.36. Which of the following statements best completes the student's chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
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6. The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction. Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?
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13. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is most likely the primary cause of the pattern of frequency of trisomy 21 births in the selected maternal age-groups?
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17. The researchers calculate a chi-square value of 4.6 and choose a significance level of p equals 0.05. Which of the following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
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48. Which of the following pedigrees most accurately represents a family with a history of Tay-Sachs disease?
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9. The cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-poor environment is approximately what percent of the cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-rich environment?
168
54. Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?
A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation
19. The contents of which dialysis tube are initially isotonic to the distilled water in the beaker?
5
5. Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase?
95%
37. Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse?
An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.
46. Based on the information presented, which of the following genetic changes in an individual without diabetes is most likely to result in a disrupted cellular response to insulin signaling similar to that of an individual with type 2 diabetes?
A deletion in the gene encoding the insulin receptor that removes only the cytoplasmic domain of the protein
31. Damaged tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets and stimulate the formation of blood clots. Which of the following predictions about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?
Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.
18. A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair. Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim?
As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some of the energy is lost as heat.
42. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?
Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature.
25. In cross II, the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent is
CcBb
22. Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in Figure 1?
Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two separate cells.
7. Which of the following statements best explains the data?
Flower color is an inherited trait, and the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the flowers arising from the pink and white cross can best be explained by another gene product that influences the phenotypic expression.
14. Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of hexokinase?
Glucose has the right shape and charge to cause hexokinase to undergo a structural change needed for catalysis, whereas water does not.
12. Which of the following best supports the claim that organisms of different domains share a common ancestor?
Glycolysis occurs in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
28. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
Golgi complex
16. Within a forest ecosystem, there is a large amount of diversity among members of a warbler species. Of the following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers?
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36. Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation?
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55. Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?
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49. A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis. Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?
In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis.
38. Which statement best explains why correct protein folding is critical in the transmembrane protein shown above?
Interactions of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids help to anchor the protein in the membrane.
8. During prophase I replicated homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis. What testable question is generated regarding synapsis and genetic variability by Figure 1?
Is the distance between two gene loci related to crossover rate?
15. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMP in the signal transduction pathway?
It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?
It will have no observable effect on the structure of the CFTR protein.
52. Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?
The Golgi apparatus
11. Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes?
Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.
41. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?
Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.
35. Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?
The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.
50. Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?
Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.
39. A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
34. Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.
24. The data above represent the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?
The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.
53. Which of the following statements best describes how molecules released by the fish become nutrients for the plants?
The ammonia molecules released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to nitrates, which are used by the plants to make proteins and nucleic acids.
10. Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?
The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.
27. A completely-plated stickleback from a marine population was mated to a low-plated stickleback from a freshwater population. The resulting F1 hybrids all displayed a completely plated phenotype. When the F1 hybrids were allowed to interbreed, the resulting F2 generation included completely plated offspring and low-plated offspring in an approximate 3:1 ratio. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the results of the breeding experiments?
The completely-plated phenotype is controlled by a dominant allele of a single gene
20. In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?
The cuboidal cell
40. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a mutation that results in a loss of the glucocorticoid receptor's ligand binding function?
The glucocorticoid receptor will remain associated with the accessory proteins.
4. Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions?
The higher substrate concentrations in the more concentrated solutions speeded the reaction
23. Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?
The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments.
Which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?
The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge.
33. Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?
The organelle has a double membrane.
26. Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?
The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.
47. Which of the following is a valid interpretation of the experimental results that explains how individuals with type 2 diabetes differ from individuals without diabetes?
The relatively low levels of glucose uptake in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicate that mobilization of GLUT4 to the cell surface is reduced in muscle cells of those individuals.
30. Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tubes 3 and 7 in the experiment?
They will show whether the isolated cellular contents have enzymatic activity.
32. Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?
View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells
43. Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?
Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.
29. Which of the following questions will best help the genetic counselor to evaluate the risk of the young man developing Huntington's disease and transmitting it to his children?
Were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington's disease?
45. It is most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the breakdown of glucose, substance X is
an inhibitor
44. Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?
bar graph
51. ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because
its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work
A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings. These F1 flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below. In the F2 generation, the results are best explained by the fact that
these genes for eye color and wing shape are found on the same chromosome