Exam 2 - multiple choice examples

According to Allport, we use the word ________ when we are describing other people. A) type B) temperament C) character D) none of the above

type

A correlation coefficient of ______ indicates a perfect negative relationship. A) 0.00 B) -1.00 C) +1.00 D) 100%

-1.00

The correlation coefficient can vary in magnitude from ______ to _________ . A) -1.00; +1.00 B) any negative number; any positive number C) 0; +1.00 D) -1.00; 0

-1.00 to 1.00

A correlation coefficient of indicates no relationship. A) 0.00 B) -1.00 C) +1.00 D) 100%

0.00

A correlation coefficient of ______ indicates a perfect positive correlation. A) 0.00 B) -1.00 C) +1.00 D) 100%

1.00

Research indicates that the major source traits that characterize adult personality appear at about years of age. A) 40 B) 21 C) 16 D) 4

4

Cattell's research led him to believe that about _________ of a person's intelligence is determined by heredity. A) 0% B) 60% C) 80% D) 100%

60%

Who is credited with the first theory of temperaments and personality? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Hippocrates D) Galen

Galen

One method of gathering information that Cattell utilized was to give his subjects a number of tests, such as a word-association test. He calls such information A) L-data. B) Q-data. C) T-data. D) D-data.

T-data

Allport agreed with Horney that A) anatomy is destiny. B) a generous amount of security is necessary in the early years of life if a child is to develop normally. C) most human behavior is unconsciously motivated. D) having identity is far better than having role confusion.

a generous amount of security is necessary in the early years of life if a child is to develop normally

Cattell's early research began with A) a large database from which hypotheses were derived. B) a well-stated and testable hypothesis. C) a falsifiable scientific theory. D) all of the above

a large database from which hypotheses were derived

According to Allport, when people are frustrated they seek A) a scapegoat. B) extrinsic religion. C) intrinsic religion. D) propriatism.

a scapegoat

According to Allport, overcoming negative prejudice will require A) a unified societal effort. B) extrinsic religion. C) the strengthening of family values. D) a scapegoat.

a unified social effort

According to Allport, who possesses a unifying philosophy of life? A) only religious individuals B) some healthy adults C) only neurotics D) all healthy adults

all healthy adults

A metaerg is A) the same as an erg except for its origin. B) an environmental-mold dynamic source trait. C) learned. D) all of the above

all of the above

How many central dispositions did Allport believe a person normally possesses? A) one B) about 5 to 10 C) between 10 and 20 D) hundreds

about 5 to 10

According to Allport, which of the following is genetically determined? A) temperament B) physique C) intelligence D) all of the above Answer: D

all of the above

Allport's theory has been criticized for A) being circular. B) being unscientific. C) denying the importance of other theoretical approaches to the study of personality. D) all of the above

all of the above

The relationship between source and surface traits is such that A) every surface trait is caused by one or more source traits. B) a source trait can influence several surface traits. C a cluster analysis of surface traits reveals source traits. D) all of the above

all of the above

What Allport called the proprium, at other times in history has been called the A) soul. B) self. C) ego. D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following did Allport believe could be used to gain important information about a person's personality? A) diaries B) autobiographies C) letters D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following did Allport refer to as the "raw material" from which personality is shaped? A) temperament B) physique C) intelligence D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following did Allport utilize as a source of information about personality? A) scientific method B) philosophy C) literature D) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is true of an erg? A) It causes selective attention. B) It stimulates goal-directed behavior. C) It stimulates an emotional response toward certain objects. D) all of the above

all of the above

Following the emergence of propriate striving, the person becomes A) whole. B) almost completely future oriented. C) sexual. D) self-realized.

almost completely future oriented

Allport said that no two people have precisely the same trait because A) there are as many traits as there are people. B) any trait can manifest itself in an almost infinite number of ways. C) traits are genetically determined; no two people possess the same genes. D) traits are learned and no two people have the same learning experiences.

any trait can manifest itself in an almost infinite number of ways

According to Allport, healthy adults view things A) much the same way as neurotics do. B) selectively depending on their unifying philosophy of life. C) as they hope they would be. D) as they really are.

as they really are

Allport believed the best way to discover a person's true motives is to A) analyze the person's dreams. B) study a combination of things such as memory lapses, sense of humor, and choice of clothing. C) analyze the person's musical preferences. D ask the person about those motives.

ask the person about those motives

A(n) _________ is a tendency to respond in a particular way in particular situations to a particular object or event. A) attitude B) reflex C) sentiment D) subsidiation

attitude

Allport referred to the tendency to project negative qualities onto groups as A) humane. B) negative prejudice. C) positive prejudice. D) extrinsic religion.

negative prejudice

A(n) ________ exemplifies a metaerg. A) sentiment B) attitude C) both A and B D) neither A nor B

both A and B

A _______ disposition influences almost everything that a person does. A) cardinal B) central C) secondary D) personal

cardinal

Terms like intelligent, creative, reliable, and persistent exemplify ______ dispositions. A) cardinal B) central C) secondary D) academic

central

The terms you include in a letter of recommendation describe a person's ______ dispositions. A) cardinal B) central C) secondary D) academic

central

Which of the following did Allport define as "personality evaluated"? A) type B) temperament C) quality D) character

character

Searching a correlation matrix in order to discover which variables are correlated with each other is termed a(n) A) analysis of covariance. B) trait investigation. C) cluster analysis. D) multiple intercorrelation.

cluster analysis

Allport believed that the principles governing the behavior of lower animals or neurotics, and the principles governing the behavior of healthy adults humans were a) nonexistent b) exactly the same c) approximately the same d) completely different

completely different

Source traits that are genetically determined are referred to as _____ source traits A) idiographic B) common C) constitutional source traits. D) environmental-mold

constitutional

When two things vary together, they are said to be A) correlated. B) causally related. C) the same thing. D) statistically significant.

correlated

The cornerstone of factor analysis is the concept of A) mathematics. B) correlation. C) multiple causation. D) statistical significance.

correlation

The strength of the relationship between two variables is expressed mathematically by the A) correlation coefficient. B) coefficient of determination. C) linear equation. D) specification equation.

correlation coefficient

After Cattell or Eysenck gathered an abundance of information utilizing several techniques, all of the material is intercorrelated, thus creating a A) factor analysis. B) correlation coefficient. C) factor loading. D) correlation matrix.

correlation matrix

According to Allport, the possession of a trait A) creates a range of possible responses to a situation. B) determines the exact response that is made to a situation. C) only influences a person's behavior if it is a cardinal or central trait. D) has no effect on a person's behavior.

creates a range of possible responses to a situation

According to Cattell, ______ intelligence is learned from experience A) all B) personal C) fluid intelligence is learned from experience. D) crystallized

crystallized

Cattell believed that most traditional IQ tests measure intelligence. A) crystallized B) fluid C) the lack of D) all of the above

crystallized

Which of the following terms from Allport's definition of personality indicates his belief that personality is something and does something? A) determine B) dynamic organization C) characteristic behavior and thought D) psychophysical systems

determine

According to Allport, personality is A) static. B) unconscious. C) dynamic. D) genetic.

dynamic

The term(s) _____________ always organized, is constantly changing. in Allport's definition of personality refers to the fact that personality, although always organized, is constantly changing A) becoming B) psychophysical systems C) dynamic organization D) determine

dynamic organization

According to Cattell, the motivational elements of personality are A) dynamic traits. B) metaergs. C) motivational traits. D) temperament traits.

dynamic traits

A(n) _______ is a dynamic, constitutional source trait. A) erg B) metaerg C) sentiment D) attitude

erg

For Allport, the statements "My church is better than your church" and "God prefers my people to your people" exemplify _______ religion. A) typical B) evangelical C) intrinsic D) extrinsic

extrinsic

An ability discovered through a cluster analysis is termed a ________ and can be equated with the term trait. A) cluster B) habit C) factor D) variable

factor

Cattell and Eysenck believed that a causes scores to be interrelated and thus clustered in a correlation matrix. A) statistical artifact B) habit C) factor D) correlation

factor

Cattell designed his Culture Free Intelligence Test to measure A) fluid intelligence. B) crystallized intelligence. C) creativity. D) short-term memory.

fluid intelligence

When a motive becomes functionally autonomous it is pursued A) because there is a practical reason to do so. B) for its own sake. C) because of external encouragement. D) because it is in accordance with the concept of the "good me."

for its own sake

Motives that were at one time means to an end, sometimes become ends in themselves. This describes Allport's concept of A) trait. B) functional autonomy. C) need induction. D) propriate striving.

functional autonomy

Probably Allport's most severely criticized concept was A) functional autonomy. B) the proprium. C) the trait. D) the healthy adult human.

functional autonomy

Allport's position is contrary to scientific method because science is interested in what is _____ true, whereas Allport was interested in what is ______ true. A) always; sometimes B) specifically; generally C) generally; specifically D) sometimes; always

generally; specifically

Allport's theory was influenced mainly by A) behaviorism. B) psychoanalysis. C) Gestalt psychology. D) Adler and Horney.

gestalt psychology

Cattell obtained Q-data by A) giving subjects questionnaires on which they rated themselves on various characteristics. B) observing various individuals engaged in day-to-day activities. C) giving subjects objective tests. D) more than one of the above

giving subjects questionnaires on which they rated themselves on various characteristics

Allport's study of Jenny's letters exemplifies __________ research. A) idiographic B) correlational C) nomothetic D) naturalistic

idiographic

The __________ method of research involves the intense study of the single individual. A) nomographic B) correlational C) idiographic D) nomothetic

idiographic

The dominant theme running through all of Allport's work is the A) importance of the unconscious mind. B) importance of the individual. C) interrelatedness of all living things. D) importance of early experience in determining adult motivation.

importance of the individual

Cattell's early approach to research is characterized by A) hypothesis testing. B) research heuristics. C) inductive reasoning. D) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

inductive reasoning

According to Allport, the best religion is A) no religion. B) intrinsic religion. C) extrinsic religion. D) the Christian religion.

intrinsic religion

Which of the following was not included by Allport as a criterion for an adequate theory of motivation? A) It must recognize the importance of cognitive processes. B) It must recognize the impact of one's culture on one's motives. C) It must allow for the existence of several types of motives. D) It must recognize the contemporary nature of motives.

it must recognize the impact of one's culture on one's motives

Which of the following was not one of Allport's criteria for an adequate theory of personality? A) It will emphasize the importance of the environment. B) It will view personality as contained within the person. C) It will view the person as filled with variables. D) It must account for self-awareness.

it will emphasize the importance of the environment

For Allport, the __________ represents the internalization of parental rules and regulations. A) must conscience B) proprium C) ought conscience D) rational knower

must conscience

Allport considered the tendency to generalize from experience to be A) a characteristic of only neurotic individuals. B) a characteristic of only normal individuals. C) something that can be and should be avoided. D) natural and unavoidable.

natural and unavoidable

The _____ method of research involves the study of groups of individuals and analyzes averages A) nomographic B) correlational C) idiographic D) nomothetic

nomothetic

Cardinal dispositions are observed in A) almost everyone. B) a large number of individuals. C) only a small number of people. D) only highly educated individuals.

only a small number of people

The principle of _____________ states that when one needs no longer to be concerned with survival and early adjustments in life, a considerable amount of energy becomes available to the person. A) organizing the energy level B) mastery and competence C) propriate patterning D) excess mental energy

organizing the energy level

According to Allport, the moral behavior of healthy adults is governed by A) must conscience. B) proprium. C) ought conscience. D) rational knower.

ought conscience

For Allport, ______ involves a sense of duty to keep one's self-image in acceptable shape. A) must conscience B) proprium C) ought conscience D) rational knower

ought conscience

Allport believed that traits are A) innate. B) partly innate and partly learned. C) learned. D) nonexistent.

partly innate and partly learned

_________ refers to repetitious activities that are blindly engaged in although they no longer serve a purpose. A) Propriate functional autonomy B) Propriate patterning C) Perseverative functional autonomy D) Perseverative patterning

perseverative functional autonomy

Cattell's goal was to create a personality "periodic table" of elements called a(n) A) personality sphere. B) personality cluster. C) P-space. D) PF.

personality sphere

Allport referred to the tendency to project positive qualities onto groups as A) humane. B) negative prejudice. C) positive prejudice. D) extrinsic religion.

positive prejudice

________ refers to an individual's interests, values, goals, attitudes, and sentiments. A) Propriate functional autonomy B) Propriate patterning C) Perseverative functional autonomy D) Perseverative patterning

propriate functional autonomy

The principle of __________ assures consistency and integration of personality. A) organizing the energy level B) mastery and competence C) propriate patterning D) excess mental energy

propriate patterning

According to Allport, the ___________ includes all of the facts about a person that makes him or her unique. A) proprium B) unconscious C) mind D) soul

proprium

Which of the following terms from Allport's definition of personality indicates that the mind and body are fused into one inseparable unit? A) characteristic behavior and thought B) determine C) dynamic organization D) psychophysical systems

psychophysical system

For Allport, traits were A) names. B) real biophysical structures. C) theoretical fictions. D) the same thing as habits.

real biophysical structures

When children realize that not only their body belongs to them but so do certain toys, games, and pets, they are said to have developed a sense of A) self-image. B) propriate striving. C) self-extension. D) self-identity.

self-extension

When the child comes to realize that he or she is the same person although there are changes in his or her size and experiences, the child has developed a sense of A) bodily "me." B) self-extension. C) self-esteem. D) self-identity.

self-identity

The most powerful sentiment, according to Cattell, is the A) self-sentiment. B) one through which we discover who we really hate and love. C) precursor of self-actualization. D) culturally oriented sentiment.

self-sentiment

A(n) _________ is an aquired predisposition to respond to a class of objects or events in a certain way. A) attitude B) erg C) feeling D) sentiment

sentiment

Which of the following traits are expressed by individuals high in extroversion? A) sociability, assertiveness, and sensation-seeking B) sensation-seeking, anger, and hostility C) aggressiveness, egocentricism, and impulsivity D) aggressiveness, anxiety, and loudness

sociability, assertiveness, and sensation-seeking

According to Cattell,______ are the true causes of behavior. A) surface traits B) source traits C) factors are the true causes of behavior. D) habits

source traits

A negative categorization of objects or people that is immune to revision in spite of experience to the contrary is called A) overcategorization. B) human tendency. C) positive prejudice. D) stereotype.

stereotype

The most important distinction that is made in Cattell's theory is between A) normal and abnormal behavior patterns. B) surface and source traits. C) the different types of measuring instruments. D) the idiographic and nomothetic methods of research.

surface and source traits

For Cattell, _______ traits are constitutional source traits that determine a person's emotionality A) dynamic B) environmental-mold C) temperament D) fluid

temperament

______________ is the emotional component of the personality. A) Temperament B) Physique C) Intelligence D) Character

temperament

What did Allport learn from his visit with Freud? A) that it is possible to dig so deeply into the mind that important information may be overlooked B) the importance of unconscious motivation C) the origins of his own inhibitions D) that his views of human nature were very similar to Freud's

that it is possible to dig so deeply into the mind that important information may be overlooked

For Allport, the best way to learn about a particular individual is to study A) similar individuals. B) that particular individual. C) members of that individuals immediate family. D) individuals with similar scores on personality tests.

that particular individual

Which of the following is the final stage in the development of the proprium? A) the emergence of self-image B) the emergence of the self as rational coper C) the emergence of propriate striving D) the emergence of self as knower

the emergence of self as knower

According to Allport, ______ account for the consistency in human nature. A) social norms B) traits C) habits D) common early experiences

traits

Allport believed that _____ cause behavior A) traits B) situations C) the interaction between traits and situations D) none of the above

the interaction between traits and situations

Allport believed that generalizations become negative when A) they act as guides for behavior. B) they are revised in light of subsequent experience. C) they are maintained in spite of experience to the contrary. D) all of the above

they are maintained in spite of experience to the contrary

The unit of measure of personality that Allport believed was capable of a "living synthesis" was A) trait. B) reflex. C) habit. D) factor.

trait