Exam 2 - multiple choice examples
According to Allport, we use the word ________ when we are describing other people. A) type B) temperament C) character D) none of the above
type
A correlation coefficient of ______ indicates a perfect negative relationship. A) 0.00 B) -1.00 C) +1.00 D) 100%
-1.00
The correlation coefficient can vary in magnitude from ______ to _________ . A) -1.00; +1.00 B) any negative number; any positive number C) 0; +1.00 D) -1.00; 0
-1.00 to 1.00
A correlation coefficient of indicates no relationship. A) 0.00 B) -1.00 C) +1.00 D) 100%
0.00
A correlation coefficient of ______ indicates a perfect positive correlation. A) 0.00 B) -1.00 C) +1.00 D) 100%
1.00
Research indicates that the major source traits that characterize adult personality appear at about years of age. A) 40 B) 21 C) 16 D) 4
4
Cattell's research led him to believe that about _________ of a person's intelligence is determined by heredity. A) 0% B) 60% C) 80% D) 100%
60%
Who is credited with the first theory of temperaments and personality? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Hippocrates D) Galen
Galen
One method of gathering information that Cattell utilized was to give his subjects a number of tests, such as a word-association test. He calls such information A) L-data. B) Q-data. C) T-data. D) D-data.
T-data
Allport agreed with Horney that A) anatomy is destiny. B) a generous amount of security is necessary in the early years of life if a child is to develop normally. C) most human behavior is unconsciously motivated. D) having identity is far better than having role confusion.
a generous amount of security is necessary in the early years of life if a child is to develop normally
Cattell's early research began with A) a large database from which hypotheses were derived. B) a well-stated and testable hypothesis. C) a falsifiable scientific theory. D) all of the above
a large database from which hypotheses were derived
According to Allport, when people are frustrated they seek A) a scapegoat. B) extrinsic religion. C) intrinsic religion. D) propriatism.
a scapegoat
According to Allport, overcoming negative prejudice will require A) a unified societal effort. B) extrinsic religion. C) the strengthening of family values. D) a scapegoat.
a unified social effort
According to Allport, who possesses a unifying philosophy of life? A) only religious individuals B) some healthy adults C) only neurotics D) all healthy adults
all healthy adults
A metaerg is A) the same as an erg except for its origin. B) an environmental-mold dynamic source trait. C) learned. D) all of the above
all of the above
How many central dispositions did Allport believe a person normally possesses? A) one B) about 5 to 10 C) between 10 and 20 D) hundreds
about 5 to 10
According to Allport, which of the following is genetically determined? A) temperament B) physique C) intelligence D) all of the above Answer: D
all of the above
Allport's theory has been criticized for A) being circular. B) being unscientific. C) denying the importance of other theoretical approaches to the study of personality. D) all of the above
all of the above
The relationship between source and surface traits is such that A) every surface trait is caused by one or more source traits. B) a source trait can influence several surface traits. C a cluster analysis of surface traits reveals source traits. D) all of the above
all of the above
What Allport called the proprium, at other times in history has been called the A) soul. B) self. C) ego. D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following did Allport believe could be used to gain important information about a person's personality? A) diaries B) autobiographies C) letters D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following did Allport refer to as the "raw material" from which personality is shaped? A) temperament B) physique C) intelligence D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following did Allport utilize as a source of information about personality? A) scientific method B) philosophy C) literature D) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is true of an erg? A) It causes selective attention. B) It stimulates goal-directed behavior. C) It stimulates an emotional response toward certain objects. D) all of the above
all of the above
Following the emergence of propriate striving, the person becomes A) whole. B) almost completely future oriented. C) sexual. D) self-realized.
almost completely future oriented
Allport said that no two people have precisely the same trait because A) there are as many traits as there are people. B) any trait can manifest itself in an almost infinite number of ways. C) traits are genetically determined; no two people possess the same genes. D) traits are learned and no two people have the same learning experiences.
any trait can manifest itself in an almost infinite number of ways
According to Allport, healthy adults view things A) much the same way as neurotics do. B) selectively depending on their unifying philosophy of life. C) as they hope they would be. D) as they really are.
as they really are
Allport believed the best way to discover a person's true motives is to A) analyze the person's dreams. B) study a combination of things such as memory lapses, sense of humor, and choice of clothing. C) analyze the person's musical preferences. D ask the person about those motives.
ask the person about those motives
A(n) _________ is a tendency to respond in a particular way in particular situations to a particular object or event. A) attitude B) reflex C) sentiment D) subsidiation
attitude
Allport referred to the tendency to project negative qualities onto groups as A) humane. B) negative prejudice. C) positive prejudice. D) extrinsic religion.
negative prejudice
A(n) ________ exemplifies a metaerg. A) sentiment B) attitude C) both A and B D) neither A nor B
both A and B
A _______ disposition influences almost everything that a person does. A) cardinal B) central C) secondary D) personal
cardinal
Terms like intelligent, creative, reliable, and persistent exemplify ______ dispositions. A) cardinal B) central C) secondary D) academic
central
The terms you include in a letter of recommendation describe a person's ______ dispositions. A) cardinal B) central C) secondary D) academic
central
Which of the following did Allport define as "personality evaluated"? A) type B) temperament C) quality D) character
character
Searching a correlation matrix in order to discover which variables are correlated with each other is termed a(n) A) analysis of covariance. B) trait investigation. C) cluster analysis. D) multiple intercorrelation.
cluster analysis
Allport believed that the principles governing the behavior of lower animals or neurotics, and the principles governing the behavior of healthy adults humans were a) nonexistent b) exactly the same c) approximately the same d) completely different
completely different
Source traits that are genetically determined are referred to as _____ source traits A) idiographic B) common C) constitutional source traits. D) environmental-mold
constitutional
When two things vary together, they are said to be A) correlated. B) causally related. C) the same thing. D) statistically significant.
correlated
The cornerstone of factor analysis is the concept of A) mathematics. B) correlation. C) multiple causation. D) statistical significance.
correlation
The strength of the relationship between two variables is expressed mathematically by the A) correlation coefficient. B) coefficient of determination. C) linear equation. D) specification equation.
correlation coefficient
After Cattell or Eysenck gathered an abundance of information utilizing several techniques, all of the material is intercorrelated, thus creating a A) factor analysis. B) correlation coefficient. C) factor loading. D) correlation matrix.
correlation matrix
According to Allport, the possession of a trait A) creates a range of possible responses to a situation. B) determines the exact response that is made to a situation. C) only influences a person's behavior if it is a cardinal or central trait. D) has no effect on a person's behavior.
creates a range of possible responses to a situation
According to Cattell, ______ intelligence is learned from experience A) all B) personal C) fluid intelligence is learned from experience. D) crystallized
crystallized
Cattell believed that most traditional IQ tests measure intelligence. A) crystallized B) fluid C) the lack of D) all of the above
crystallized
Which of the following terms from Allport's definition of personality indicates his belief that personality is something and does something? A) determine B) dynamic organization C) characteristic behavior and thought D) psychophysical systems
determine
According to Allport, personality is A) static. B) unconscious. C) dynamic. D) genetic.
dynamic
The term(s) _____________ always organized, is constantly changing. in Allport's definition of personality refers to the fact that personality, although always organized, is constantly changing A) becoming B) psychophysical systems C) dynamic organization D) determine
dynamic organization
According to Cattell, the motivational elements of personality are A) dynamic traits. B) metaergs. C) motivational traits. D) temperament traits.
dynamic traits
A(n) _______ is a dynamic, constitutional source trait. A) erg B) metaerg C) sentiment D) attitude
erg
For Allport, the statements "My church is better than your church" and "God prefers my people to your people" exemplify _______ religion. A) typical B) evangelical C) intrinsic D) extrinsic
extrinsic
An ability discovered through a cluster analysis is termed a ________ and can be equated with the term trait. A) cluster B) habit C) factor D) variable
factor
Cattell and Eysenck believed that a causes scores to be interrelated and thus clustered in a correlation matrix. A) statistical artifact B) habit C) factor D) correlation
factor
Cattell designed his Culture Free Intelligence Test to measure A) fluid intelligence. B) crystallized intelligence. C) creativity. D) short-term memory.
fluid intelligence
When a motive becomes functionally autonomous it is pursued A) because there is a practical reason to do so. B) for its own sake. C) because of external encouragement. D) because it is in accordance with the concept of the "good me."
for its own sake
Motives that were at one time means to an end, sometimes become ends in themselves. This describes Allport's concept of A) trait. B) functional autonomy. C) need induction. D) propriate striving.
functional autonomy
Probably Allport's most severely criticized concept was A) functional autonomy. B) the proprium. C) the trait. D) the healthy adult human.
functional autonomy
Allport's position is contrary to scientific method because science is interested in what is _____ true, whereas Allport was interested in what is ______ true. A) always; sometimes B) specifically; generally C) generally; specifically D) sometimes; always
generally; specifically
Allport's theory was influenced mainly by A) behaviorism. B) psychoanalysis. C) Gestalt psychology. D) Adler and Horney.
gestalt psychology
Cattell obtained Q-data by A) giving subjects questionnaires on which they rated themselves on various characteristics. B) observing various individuals engaged in day-to-day activities. C) giving subjects objective tests. D) more than one of the above
giving subjects questionnaires on which they rated themselves on various characteristics
Allport's study of Jenny's letters exemplifies __________ research. A) idiographic B) correlational C) nomothetic D) naturalistic
idiographic
The __________ method of research involves the intense study of the single individual. A) nomographic B) correlational C) idiographic D) nomothetic
idiographic
The dominant theme running through all of Allport's work is the A) importance of the unconscious mind. B) importance of the individual. C) interrelatedness of all living things. D) importance of early experience in determining adult motivation.
importance of the individual
Cattell's early approach to research is characterized by A) hypothesis testing. B) research heuristics. C) inductive reasoning. D) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
inductive reasoning
According to Allport, the best religion is A) no religion. B) intrinsic religion. C) extrinsic religion. D) the Christian religion.
intrinsic religion
Which of the following was not included by Allport as a criterion for an adequate theory of motivation? A) It must recognize the importance of cognitive processes. B) It must recognize the impact of one's culture on one's motives. C) It must allow for the existence of several types of motives. D) It must recognize the contemporary nature of motives.
it must recognize the impact of one's culture on one's motives
Which of the following was not one of Allport's criteria for an adequate theory of personality? A) It will emphasize the importance of the environment. B) It will view personality as contained within the person. C) It will view the person as filled with variables. D) It must account for self-awareness.
it will emphasize the importance of the environment
For Allport, the __________ represents the internalization of parental rules and regulations. A) must conscience B) proprium C) ought conscience D) rational knower
must conscience
Allport considered the tendency to generalize from experience to be A) a characteristic of only neurotic individuals. B) a characteristic of only normal individuals. C) something that can be and should be avoided. D) natural and unavoidable.
natural and unavoidable
The _____ method of research involves the study of groups of individuals and analyzes averages A) nomographic B) correlational C) idiographic D) nomothetic
nomothetic
Cardinal dispositions are observed in A) almost everyone. B) a large number of individuals. C) only a small number of people. D) only highly educated individuals.
only a small number of people
The principle of _____________ states that when one needs no longer to be concerned with survival and early adjustments in life, a considerable amount of energy becomes available to the person. A) organizing the energy level B) mastery and competence C) propriate patterning D) excess mental energy
organizing the energy level
According to Allport, the moral behavior of healthy adults is governed by A) must conscience. B) proprium. C) ought conscience. D) rational knower.
ought conscience
For Allport, ______ involves a sense of duty to keep one's self-image in acceptable shape. A) must conscience B) proprium C) ought conscience D) rational knower
ought conscience
Allport believed that traits are A) innate. B) partly innate and partly learned. C) learned. D) nonexistent.
partly innate and partly learned
_________ refers to repetitious activities that are blindly engaged in although they no longer serve a purpose. A) Propriate functional autonomy B) Propriate patterning C) Perseverative functional autonomy D) Perseverative patterning
perseverative functional autonomy
Cattell's goal was to create a personality "periodic table" of elements called a(n) A) personality sphere. B) personality cluster. C) P-space. D) PF.
personality sphere
Allport referred to the tendency to project positive qualities onto groups as A) humane. B) negative prejudice. C) positive prejudice. D) extrinsic religion.
positive prejudice
________ refers to an individual's interests, values, goals, attitudes, and sentiments. A) Propriate functional autonomy B) Propriate patterning C) Perseverative functional autonomy D) Perseverative patterning
propriate functional autonomy
The principle of __________ assures consistency and integration of personality. A) organizing the energy level B) mastery and competence C) propriate patterning D) excess mental energy
propriate patterning
According to Allport, the ___________ includes all of the facts about a person that makes him or her unique. A) proprium B) unconscious C) mind D) soul
proprium
Which of the following terms from Allport's definition of personality indicates that the mind and body are fused into one inseparable unit? A) characteristic behavior and thought B) determine C) dynamic organization D) psychophysical systems
psychophysical system
For Allport, traits were A) names. B) real biophysical structures. C) theoretical fictions. D) the same thing as habits.
real biophysical structures
When children realize that not only their body belongs to them but so do certain toys, games, and pets, they are said to have developed a sense of A) self-image. B) propriate striving. C) self-extension. D) self-identity.
self-extension
When the child comes to realize that he or she is the same person although there are changes in his or her size and experiences, the child has developed a sense of A) bodily "me." B) self-extension. C) self-esteem. D) self-identity.
self-identity
The most powerful sentiment, according to Cattell, is the A) self-sentiment. B) one through which we discover who we really hate and love. C) precursor of self-actualization. D) culturally oriented sentiment.
self-sentiment
A(n) _________ is an aquired predisposition to respond to a class of objects or events in a certain way. A) attitude B) erg C) feeling D) sentiment
sentiment
Which of the following traits are expressed by individuals high in extroversion? A) sociability, assertiveness, and sensation-seeking B) sensation-seeking, anger, and hostility C) aggressiveness, egocentricism, and impulsivity D) aggressiveness, anxiety, and loudness
sociability, assertiveness, and sensation-seeking
According to Cattell,______ are the true causes of behavior. A) surface traits B) source traits C) factors are the true causes of behavior. D) habits
source traits
A negative categorization of objects or people that is immune to revision in spite of experience to the contrary is called A) overcategorization. B) human tendency. C) positive prejudice. D) stereotype.
stereotype
The most important distinction that is made in Cattell's theory is between A) normal and abnormal behavior patterns. B) surface and source traits. C) the different types of measuring instruments. D) the idiographic and nomothetic methods of research.
surface and source traits
For Cattell, _______ traits are constitutional source traits that determine a person's emotionality A) dynamic B) environmental-mold C) temperament D) fluid
temperament
______________ is the emotional component of the personality. A) Temperament B) Physique C) Intelligence D) Character
temperament
What did Allport learn from his visit with Freud? A) that it is possible to dig so deeply into the mind that important information may be overlooked B) the importance of unconscious motivation C) the origins of his own inhibitions D) that his views of human nature were very similar to Freud's
that it is possible to dig so deeply into the mind that important information may be overlooked
For Allport, the best way to learn about a particular individual is to study A) similar individuals. B) that particular individual. C) members of that individuals immediate family. D) individuals with similar scores on personality tests.
that particular individual
Which of the following is the final stage in the development of the proprium? A) the emergence of self-image B) the emergence of the self as rational coper C) the emergence of propriate striving D) the emergence of self as knower
the emergence of self as knower
According to Allport, ______ account for the consistency in human nature. A) social norms B) traits C) habits D) common early experiences
traits
Allport believed that _____ cause behavior A) traits B) situations C) the interaction between traits and situations D) none of the above
the interaction between traits and situations
Allport believed that generalizations become negative when A) they act as guides for behavior. B) they are revised in light of subsequent experience. C) they are maintained in spite of experience to the contrary. D) all of the above
they are maintained in spite of experience to the contrary
The unit of measure of personality that Allport believed was capable of a "living synthesis" was A) trait. B) reflex. C) habit. D) factor.
trait
