AP Biology Unit 2 Progress Check

By which of the following mechanisms do the water molecules most likely move into the large intestine?

By passive transport from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

The cell membrane is selectively permeable due to its structure. Thus, the internal environment of the cell is distinct from the external environment of the cell. One biologist hypothesizes that small nonpolar molecules readily pass through the membrane. Another biologist alternatively hypothesizes that these types of molecules require channel and transport proteins that are embedded in the membrane in order to move across the membrane. Which of the following data would best refute this alternative hypothesis?

CO2 and N2 movement in and out of cells is unaffected when membrane protein activity is blocked.

Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.

Some viral infections can lead to the rupture of the lysosome membrane. Which prediction of the effect of this disruption of cellular compartmentalization is most likely correct?

Hydrolytic enzymes will be released, which will cause cell death.

Based on their observations, what should the researchers do to further clarify how the availability of the protein outside the cells affects the rate of endocytosis of the protein?

Incubate the cells in the presence of several different concentrations of the protein.

Which of the following conclusions about increasing the number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane is best supported by the results of the experiment?

It increases the surface area available for ATP production, which results in faster cell growth.

Which of the following claims about the origin of the euglenid chloroplast is best supported by the three-membrane structure of the envelope?

It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by two endosymbiotic events.

Which of the following conclusions about the radiolabeled amino acid is best supported by the results of the experiment?

It was mostly incorporated into proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions.

Based on the figure, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between regions 1 and 2 of the protein?

Region 1 is hydrophilic because it interacts with an aqueous environment, whereas region 2 is hydrophobic because it interacts with the interior of the membrane.

Based on the model presented in Figure 1, which of the following changes will most likely result from a depletion of available ATP stores inside the cell?

The Na+ concentration inside the cell will increase.

Which of the following best predicts what will happen to the lysosomal enzymes if the proteins that transport H+ ions from the cytosol into the lysosome are damaged?

The lysosomal enzymes will not become active, since there will be no active transport of H+ ions.

Which of the following functions is this cell type most likely specialized to perform?

The production and secretion of proteins

Which of the following best describes how the ratio of the density of stomata (stomata per mm2) per CO2 concentration (ppm CO2) changes as the CO2 concentration increases?

The ratio decreases from 0.86 to 0.63, because fewer stomata are needed at higher CO2 concentrations.

Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of ATP molecules inside the cell?

The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient

Which of the following claims about the effects of the valinomycin treatment is best supported by the data presented in the table?

The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the mitochondria.

Based on the information presented, how does aldosterone most likely enter target cells?

by simple diffusion

Which of the graphs below best represents the predicted change in mass over time of the dialysis bag in the beaker to which albumin was added?

slope stays constant then goes DOWN

Testosterone is a small steroid hormone that is important in cell signaling. Which of the following describes where testosterone enters a cell and why it is able to cross at that point?

testosterone is nonpolar and can diffuse through the membrane.

Which of the following models shows how cholesterol molecules most likely interact with the phospholipid bilayer of a cell's plasma membrane?

(Picture) The model correctly shows the polar heads of the cholesterol molecules interacting with the polar heads of the phospholipids. Also, the model correctly shows the nonpolar regions of the cholesterol molecules interacting with the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer.

Some substances can pass through an actual cell membrane much faster than they passed through the artificial membrane in this study. Which of the following statements best explains this finding?

Actual cell membranes have a variety of proteins embedded in the membrane that are absent in the artificial membrane.

Based on the data, which cell is likely to be most effective in the exchange of materials?

Cell 2

Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.

The team wants to extend the research project. What should the team of students do next to obtain data that are more conclusive?

Repeat the process with other salt concentrations.

Which of the following cellular deficiencies would most likely be related to mutations in mitochondrial proteins?

The cell is unable to complete reactions related to electron transport and ATP production.

Which of the following results, one hour after membrane fusion, best supports the alternative hypothesis that the cell membrane is a fluid mosaic?

The membrane proteins from each cell have mixed and drifted within the bilayer, which supports the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules that is embedded with proteins and steroids that may flow around the surface of the cell within the bilayer.

Which of the following provides an accurate calculation of the surface area to volume ratio of an HS red blood cell, as well as a prediction of its effect on the efficient transferring of oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell?

The ratio is 0.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen.

Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in the sample?

The ribosome, since all organisms need to synthesize proteins.

Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles?

lysosome

What additional procedure would best help determine whether these movements are due to active transport or to passive transport?

Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Include a substance known to block ATP use by the plasma membrane. Compare the graphs of these two treatments to the original graph.

Which of the following results best refutes the alternative hypothesis that selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall?

When beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution remains clear.