AP-CH11

What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

4 months

A microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells?

5 millions

What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma?

Albumins

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

Anemia

________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response.

Antigens

Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids?

Basophils

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

Defend body against pathogens

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.

Diapedes

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.

EPO

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?

Factor X

Plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce

Immunoglobulins

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?

It binds to CO2 and releases its binded O2

A white blood cell count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition?

Leukopenia

More than 90 percent of plasma proteins are made in which organ?

Liver

Which of the following are the primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development? (select all that apply)

Liver and Spleen

Which leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses?

Lymphocytes

Which of the following leukocytes are granulocytes?

Neutrophils

Hemopoeisis

Process of blood cell formation

The common pathway of coagulation ends with

The activation of clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.

Vitamin K

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.

Whole Blood

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?

fibrinolysis

Thrombocytopenia

low platelets count

Which leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine?

Basophils

Reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs about ________ after entering the circulation.

24 hours

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal: 1. coagulation phase 2. fibrinolysis 3. vascular phase 4. retraction 5. platelet phase The correct sequence of these steps is

3,5,1,4,2

As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of

Plasminogen

The correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation is

Myeloid Stem Cell, Proerythroblast, Erythroblast, Reticulocyte, RBC

What is the most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample?

Neutrophil

Which plasma components are used for ATP production, growth, and cellular maintenance?

Organic Nutrients

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the

Red Bone Marrow

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?

Reduction in blood loss

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?

Sickle Cell Anemia

Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the

Skull and Clavicle

Agglutinins

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as

serum

Formation of red blood cells is called

Erythropoeisis

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called

Hematocrit

Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes from which of the following?

Inactive Proenzymes

In the adult, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

Red Bone Marrow

pH of blood is

Slightly alkaline

Dehydration would

cause in increase in hematocrit

A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2).

4

Which of the following pathways is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot, making it larger and more effective?

Intrincsit Pathway

Platelets

Major component of vascular blood clotting system

Which type of white blood cell is found in pus that is associated with infected wounds?

Neutrophil

Which of the following sequences correctly states the relative number of each leukocyte type, from highest to lowest, in normal blood?

Neutrophils, Lymphocyte, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophil

During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?

Plasmin

A person's blood type is determined by the

Presence of absence of specific antigens on cell membrane's surface

Individuals with which blood type were once called "universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies?

Type AB

The plasma of which blood type contains anti-A antibodies? (select all that apply)

Type B and Type O

Regarding paternity tests, a man with type AB blood cannot be the father of an infant with which blood type?

Type O

The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called

Agglutinogens

Emil wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means

Bill's blood contains Anti-B antibodies

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Bind to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Diapedesis

Blood cell migration (squeeze)

What process makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels?

Clot Retraction

A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called

Embolus

________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called

Hemocytoblast

Leukocytosis

High WBCs count

Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage?

It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.

Leukopenia

Low WBCs count

Hypoxia

Low oxygen concentration

When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of

Lymphocytes

Which white blood cells are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas?

Monocytes