chapter 9

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who are based paired together?

a-t, c-g

DNA polymerase III

adds new bases to the new DNA chain; proofreads fro mistakes

what does dna polymerase 3 do/ what direction

adds nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction

where does dna replication begin

at an origin of replication

who unzips dna

helicase

what is genetics study?

heredity

what components make up the "backbone"?

hydrogen bonds

what kind of replication is considered the rolling circle?

plasmid replication

who carries out cellular fuction

proteins

what molecule was initially considered to carry genetic info? why?

proteins, incredibly diverse in size, shape, and function

which are the purines and pyrimidines

purines- adenine, guanine pyrimidines- cytosine, thymine

DNA polymerase I

removes DNA primer, closes gaps, repairing matches

what are two types of mutations

spontaneous and induced

what is conjugation/ what type of bacteria is this seen/ what structure is required

transfer of a plasmid or chormosomal fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection, gram negative, fertility plasmid

what is bacteriophage

type of virus that only infects bacteria

helicase

unzipping DNA helix

what molecule carries genetic information? was this always the case

DNA

what are considered the jumping genes/ where can they move to/ beneficial or harmful

DNA segments that have the capability of moving from one location in the genome to another They can move from chromosome site to another, from a chromosome to a plasmid, or from a plasmid to chromosome can be beneficial or harmful

who carries the information

DNA/RNA

how does this differ from DNA and RNA

RNA has uracil that replaces thymine

bacterial v. euk. chromosome

bacterial- single loop euk- multiple and linear

what are the four results of mutations

beneficial, neutral, harmful, lethal

what does the genome consists of

chromosomes+mitochondria/chloroplasts and/or plasmids

what are three categories of genes

code for proteins, rna, control gene expression

what kind of bond is used to hold nitrogenous bases together?

deoxyribose and phosphate molecules

what are the three components for a nucleotide?

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

does replication produce unique or exact copies of DNA?

exact copy

ligase

final bonding of nicks in the DNA during synthesis and repair

genotype v. phenotype

genotype- genetic makeup phenotype- physical attributes that are shown

what is the threat of tanning beds considered

induced

what occurs during translation

information in RNA is used to make proteins

what occurs during transcription

information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules

what is transduction

involves a virus picking up a bacterial donor's DNA and transferring it to a recipient bacteria

who proposed the DNA structure

james watson

leading v. lagging strand/ which included okazaki fragments

leading- 5' to 3' direction lagging- 5' to 3' in short segments; overall direction is 3' to 5'

what does ligase do

links the DNA fragments along the lagging strand

are mutations always bad

no

does the rna primer stay in?

no

is the size of the genome consistent

no, varies by organism

what is the basic unit for a nucleic acid

nucleotide

what is it meant to have a semiconservative replication

one strand is used as a template to make a complementary strand

what makes up the "rungs"

paired bases

gyrase

supercoiling

primase

synthesizing an RNA primer

what is a gene

the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait


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