chapter 9
who are based paired together?
a-t, c-g
DNA polymerase III
adds new bases to the new DNA chain; proofreads fro mistakes
what does dna polymerase 3 do/ what direction
adds nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction
where does dna replication begin
at an origin of replication
who unzips dna
helicase
what is genetics study?
heredity
what components make up the "backbone"?
hydrogen bonds
what kind of replication is considered the rolling circle?
plasmid replication
who carries out cellular fuction
proteins
what molecule was initially considered to carry genetic info? why?
proteins, incredibly diverse in size, shape, and function
which are the purines and pyrimidines
purines- adenine, guanine pyrimidines- cytosine, thymine
DNA polymerase I
removes DNA primer, closes gaps, repairing matches
what are two types of mutations
spontaneous and induced
what is conjugation/ what type of bacteria is this seen/ what structure is required
transfer of a plasmid or chormosomal fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection, gram negative, fertility plasmid
what is bacteriophage
type of virus that only infects bacteria
helicase
unzipping DNA helix
what molecule carries genetic information? was this always the case
DNA
what are considered the jumping genes/ where can they move to/ beneficial or harmful
DNA segments that have the capability of moving from one location in the genome to another They can move from chromosome site to another, from a chromosome to a plasmid, or from a plasmid to chromosome can be beneficial or harmful
who carries the information
DNA/RNA
how does this differ from DNA and RNA
RNA has uracil that replaces thymine
bacterial v. euk. chromosome
bacterial- single loop euk- multiple and linear
what are the four results of mutations
beneficial, neutral, harmful, lethal
what does the genome consists of
chromosomes+mitochondria/chloroplasts and/or plasmids
what are three categories of genes
code for proteins, rna, control gene expression
what kind of bond is used to hold nitrogenous bases together?
deoxyribose and phosphate molecules
what are the three components for a nucleotide?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
does replication produce unique or exact copies of DNA?
exact copy
ligase
final bonding of nicks in the DNA during synthesis and repair
genotype v. phenotype
genotype- genetic makeup phenotype- physical attributes that are shown
what is the threat of tanning beds considered
induced
what occurs during translation
information in RNA is used to make proteins
what occurs during transcription
information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules
what is transduction
involves a virus picking up a bacterial donor's DNA and transferring it to a recipient bacteria
who proposed the DNA structure
james watson
leading v. lagging strand/ which included okazaki fragments
leading- 5' to 3' direction lagging- 5' to 3' in short segments; overall direction is 3' to 5'
what does ligase do
links the DNA fragments along the lagging strand
are mutations always bad
no
does the rna primer stay in?
no
is the size of the genome consistent
no, varies by organism
what is the basic unit for a nucleic acid
nucleotide
what is it meant to have a semiconservative replication
one strand is used as a template to make a complementary strand
what makes up the "rungs"
paired bases
gyrase
supercoiling
primase
synthesizing an RNA primer
what is a gene
the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait