A+P Chapter 1 Material

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological ______________.

gradient

If the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. obese 40-year-old healthy 35-year-old healthy 22-year-old child

healthy 22-year-old

Without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of ______ concentration to a region of ______ concentration.

higher; lower

homeo-

homeostasis- the same

Part of a hip bone is an ______, while the final portion of the small intestine is the ______.

ilium; ileum

The ___________ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation. It is a specific tool within the scientific method.

inductive

The name of a middle-ear bone is ______, while the name of a bony protuberance at the ankle is ______.

malleus; malleolus

metabolo-

metabolism- change

Organelles are composed of ______. Multiple choice question. tissues organs cells molecules

molecules

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Contractions during childbirth is an example of a ____________ feedback mechanism.

positive

Our hands are said to be ______ because they can encircle an object such as a branch or tool. The presence of an ______ thumb is important to this ability.

prehensile; opposable

Physiological effects of a person's mental state are called __________ effects.

psychosomatic

The name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n) _______________.

receptor

The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the __________ size.

sample

Blood pH averages 7.4 but fluctuates from 7.35 to 7.45. A pH of 7.4 can therefore be considered the _____ for this variable

set point

Depth perception, or the ability to form 3-D images, is also called _________________ vision.

stereoscopic

stereo-

stereoscopic- solid

A group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ ______________.

system

Which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism? Multiple choice question. A molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus A cell or organ specialized to detect a stimulus Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

A cell or organ specialized to detect a stimulus Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

An organ is best described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life Two or more organs, that work together for a common function A single complete individual A group of cells working together for a common function A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

Who was the anatomist that taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s?

Andreas Vesalius

Which habitat refers to living in the trees? Multiple choice question. Marine Terrestrial Arboreal

Arboreal

Place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom. Organism Cell Atom Tissue Organ Organ System

Atom Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

The ability to stand and walk on two legs is called _______________.

Bipedalism

Who is known as the father of the theory of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

Which is an example of a class of tissue? Multiple choice question. Mitochondrial Stomach Connective Blood cell

Connective

Differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what? Multiple choice question. Metaphysical variations Physiological variations Anatomical variations Selective variations

Physiological variation

______________ is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

Evolution

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

Fact

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

False

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

False. Reason: The scientific method is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to an hypothesis.

What is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

Hypothesis

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following? Multiple choice question. Placebo effect Physiological variation Natural selection Negative feedback mechanisms

Physiological variation

What is a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment called?

Placebo

Terminolgica Anatomica

Included Latin and commonly used English terms. Devised in 1998.

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified

Which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action?

Integrating center

What are the benefits of a large sample size? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. It eliminates the probability of random variation. It controls for individual variation. It controls for chance events. It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome.

It controls for individual variation. It controls for chance events. It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome.

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis? Multiple select question. It is consistent with what is already known. It is testable and falsifiable. It is able to be proved in only one experiment. It is always true.

It is consistent with what is already known. It is testable and falsifiable.

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis? Multiple select question. It is always true. It is testable and falsifiable. It is consistent with what is already known. It is able to be proved in only one experiment.

It is testable and falsifiable. It is constant with what is already known.

Which of the following are examples of a positive feedback mechanism? Select all that apply. Maintenance of normal blood pressure Contractions during childbirth Formation of a blood clot Maintenance of normal body temperature

Maintenance of normal blood pressure Reason: Blood pressure is regulated by negative feedback. For example, as BP increases, mechanisms are initiated that return it to normal range. Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction. Contractions during childbirth Reason: Uterine contractions involve positive feedback. The more pressure the fetus puts on the cervix, the more oxytocin is released from the pituitary. Oxytocin causes stronger uterine contractions, pushing harder on the cervix, triggering the release of more oxytocin, etc. Formation of a blood clot Reason: Platelet plug formation in blood clotting is an example of positive feedback. Once a few platelets attach to a torn blood vessel, they release compounds that attract more platelets, and so on. Maintenance of normal body temperature Reason: Body temperature is regulated by negative feedback. As temperature increases, mechanisms such as sweating are initiated to return temp to the normal range. Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction (contractions at childbirth; platelet build-up during blood clotting).

The inductive method allows us to make definitions based on...

Observation

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

Organ system

Which of the following describes a single complete individual? Atom Organelle Organ system Organ Organism

Organism

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer review

Nomina Atomica

Purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms. Devised in the late 1800s.

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called? Multiple choice question. Integrator Receptor Effector

Receptor

Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what? Multiple choice question. Receptors Reason: Organisms respond to stimuli. A stimulus is detected by a receptor. Stimuli Effectors Signals

Receptors

Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat? Multiple select question. Slow moving prey items Rich supply of leaves and fruit Relative safety from predators Relatively less competition

Rich supply of leaves and fruit Relative safety from predators Relatively less competition

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

Scientific method

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Statistically tested

An international body of anatomists convened in 1998 to standardize anatomical terminology. The result was a book known as the ______, which accepts both Latin and common English equivalents. Multiple choice question. Terminologia Anatomica Nomina Anatomica On the Origin of the Species The Descent of Man

Terminologica Anatomica Reason: The NA included only Latin terms and was devised in the late 1800s.

Who was the first anatomist to publish an atlas of anatomy?

Vesalius

auscult-

auscultation- to listen

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life? Multiple choice question. Cell Tissue Organelle Organ

cell

An example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) ______ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) ______ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested.

control; experimental

Corpora is the plural form of ___________

corpus

By the process of _____________, a medical researcher predicts what the result of a certain experiment will be if his/her hypothesis is correct.

deduction

-sect

dissect- to cut

dis-

dissection- apart

Responsiveness is also known as ______. Multiple choice question. excitability growth stimuli metabolism

excitability

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _____________ group contains the variable being tested.

experimental

Self-corrective mechanisms in physiology are called ______ loops.

negative feedback

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a living _____________.

organism

palp-

palpitation- touch

The plural form of phalanx is ______. Multiple choice question. phali phalanges phalanxes phalae

phalanges

physio-

physiology- nature

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

tissue

tomo-

to cut- tomography

-stasis

to stay- homeostasis