A+P: Circulatory System

How many chambers of the heart?

4

Branches of the ______bundle give rise to _________ fibers leading to papillary muscles; these fibers stimulate contraction of the papillary muscles at the same time the ventricles contract

AV, Purkinje

______________ are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood

Arteries

In the cranial cavity, the vertebral arteries unite to form a __________ artery that ends as two posterior ____________ arteries

Basilar,cerebral

left A-V valve called either ________ or the _________

Bicuspid of mitral

What shape is the heart?

Cone shaped

What effects stroke volume?

Emotions, exercise, body temperature: also the volume of blood entering the heart chambers and the size of the heart

Inner layer of heart wall

Endocardium

Two layers of the pericardium

Fibrous pericardium and delicate visceral pericardium

What are the four factors that affect blood pressure?

Heart action Blood volume Resistance to blood flow Viscosity of the blood

Rings of dense connective tissue lie surrounding the pulmonary trunk and aorta to provide attachments for the...

Heart valves and fibers

Where is the heart found?

In the meniastinum under the sternum

Middle layer of heart wall

Myocardium

Of systemic circulation?

Of systemic circulation? To distribute oxygen to tissues throughout the body

In an ECG the first wave, the ____ wave, corresponds to the ________________ of the atria

P, depolarization

What is found between the two pericardia?

Pericardial cavity and filled with serous fluid

Function of the semilunar valves

Prevent backflow of blood into ventricles as the ventricles relax

The _______ complex corresponds to the ____________ of ventricles and hides the _____________ of atria.

QRS, depolarization, repolarization

Path of blood through heart

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk and arteries lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, distribution throughout the body

The _____ waves ends the ECG pattern and corresponds to ventricular _________________.

T, repolarization

What size is the average adult heart?

The average adult heart is __14_____ cm long and _____9______ cm wide.

Blood vessel function

The blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) form a closed tube that carries blood away from the heart, to the cells, and back again

The cardiovascular (CV) system consists of...

The cardiovascular (CV) system consists of the heart, and vessels, arteries, capillaries and veins.

Where does the apex of the heart extend to?

The fifth intercostal space

Endocardium

The inner _____________is smooth and is made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and is continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart.

Myocardium

The middle layer called ___________ consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall.

Why do plasma proteins remain in the blood?

They are too large to get through the capillary walls

Blood return analogy...

Think of a juice box. The straw sucks the juice out of the container because of a difference in pressure between the drinker's mouth and the box. But if you squeeze the box, the juice also moves up into the straw. Both are similar to what happens in the veins in our bodies.

How do veins differ from arteries?

Thinner, less muscular, blood is at much lower pressure in veins

The first sound (lubb) occurs as ___________ contract and _______valves are closing

Ventricles, A-V

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

What is the function of pulmonary circulation? To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

What is the function of the CV system?

What is the function of the CV system? Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes wastes from them

Where are the semilunar valves found?

Where are the semilunar valves found? At the exits from the ventricles

Heart sounds can be described as....

a "lubb-dupp" sound

At the pelvic brim, the _______________ aorta divides to form the common _______ arteries that supply the pelvic organs, gluteal area, and lower limbs.

abdominal, iliac,

The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of freshly oxygenated blood, so smaller branches of arteries often have ___________ as alternate pathways for blood, should one pathway become blocked.

anastomoses

The _________ is the body's largest artery

aorta

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system, although the term "blood pressure" usually refers to ____________ pressure

arterial

Name all the blood vessels

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Arteries become smaller as they divide and become _______________.

arterioles

Upper chambers of the heart

atria

The cardiac cycle consists of the atria beating in unison (________systole__) followed by the contraction of both ventricles, (___________ _systole____) then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment (_________).

atrial, ventricular, diastole

In the shoulder region, the axial artery becomes the ____________ artery that, in turn, gives rise to the _________ and ________ arteries

brachial, ulnar, radial

Principal branches of the aortic arch include the....

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.

Arterial blood pressure rises and falls following a pattern established by the ____________ cycle

cardiac

The _____________ control center of the ______________ __________ maintains a balance between the two autonomic divisions of the nervous system in response to messages from __baroreceptors___ which detect changes in blood pressure

cardiac, medulla oblongata, baroreceptors

Blood pressure is determined by ____________ output and __ ________ resistance.

cardiac, peripheral

_______ veins drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the coronary ________

cardiac, sinus

Near the base of the internal carotid arteries are the __________ ___________ that contain baroreceptors to monitor blood pressure

carotid sinuses

The right and left common carotid arteries diverge into the external __________ and internal __________ arteries

cartoid, cartoid

The abdominal aorta gives off the following branches

celiac, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, and common iliac arteries.

The posterior ____________ ___________ help form the circle of Willis that provides alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain.

cerebral arteries

What do the right and left A-V valves have attached to them?

chordae tendinae___

The first branches off of the aorta, which carry freshly oxygenated blood, are the right and left __________ arteries that feed the heart muscle itself

coronary

The branches of the ascending aorta are the right and left _______________ _____________ that lead to heart muscle.

coronary arteries

The ______________ aorta (thoracic aorta) gives rise to many small arteries to the thoracic wall and thoracic viscera.

descending

Capillaries are the smallest vessels, consisting only of a layer of ______________ through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells.

endothelium

Outermost layer of heart wall

epicardium

When the atria fill, pressure in the atria is _________ than that of the ventricles, which forces the _________ valves open.

higher, A-V

During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its ____________ (_____________ pressure)

highest, systolic

________________ pressure drives the passage of fluids and very small molecules out of the capillary at this point.

hydrostatic

When ventricles contract, pressure inside them _______ sharply, causing ______ valves to close and the _________ and _________ valves to open

increases, A-V, pulmonary, aortic

Epicardium

is made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and contains blood and lymph capillaries along with coronary arteries. It is the same as the visceral pericardium.

The vertebral arteries supply the vertebrae and their associated ______________ and __________.

ligaments, muscles

When ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its ___________ (_____________ pressure).

lowest, diastolic

_____________ vessels collect excess tissue fluid and return it to circulation

lymph

The wall of an artery consists of an inner endothelium layer, tunica __________ (smooth muscle), and tunica ____________ (connective tissue).

media, externa

Specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses throughout the ___________ and comprises the cardiac conduction system

myocardium

At the venule end, ______________, due to the proteins in the blood, causes much of the tissue fluid to return to the bloodstream

osmosis

Blood entering capillaries contains high concentrations of ___________ and ____________ that diffuse out of the capillary wall and into the ________________.

oxygen, nutrients, tissue fluids

As the ventricles contract, ___________ muscles contract, pulling on _________ _________ and preventing the backflow of blood through the A-V valves.

papillary, chordae teninae

At the base of the heart, the inner layer folds back to become...

parietal___ pericardium that lines the tough outer layer.

Areas with a great deal of metabolic activity (leg muscles, for example) have higher densities of capillaries. ________________ sphincters can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed and are controlled by ___________ concentration in the area.

precapillary, oxygen

The body maintains normal blood ____________ by adjusting cardiac ___________ and peripheral _______________.

pressure, output, resistance

The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a _________.

pulse

Atria

receive blood returning to the heart and have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior.

What divides the chambers of the heart on each side?

septum

A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle called the ____________ node (__SA__ node or pacemaker), located on the posterior right atrium, generates the impulses for the heartbeat.

sinoatrial

Contractions of ___________muscle squeeze blood back up veins one valve and a time

skeletal

chordae tendinae

strings that attach to cusps of heart and to papillary muscles to prevent backflow of blood in AV valves

Cardiac output depends on __________ volume and _________ _______, and a number of factors can affect these actions

stroke, heart rate

The ____________ artery continues into the arm where it becomes the axillary artery.

subclavian

Arteries to the head, neck, and brain include branches of the _______________ and common ___________ __________ arteries.

subclavian, common carotid arteries.

The S-A node is innervated by branches of the _____________ and __________________ divisions, so the CNS controls heart rate. Impulses from the former speed up and impulses from the latter slow down heart rate

sympathetic, and parasympathetic

A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional __________; one exists in the atria and one in the ventricles

syncitium

Impulses spread next to the atrial _____________, it contracts, and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the ________________ node (_AV___node) located in the septum.

syncitium, atrioventricular

During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls with the _____________ and ___________ of atria and ventricles.

systole, diastole

Impulses from _______________ or ______________ may also influence heart rate, as do body temperature and the concentrations of certain ________.

the cerebrum, hypothalamus, ions

Ventricles

the thick-muscled ____________ pump blood to the body and lungs.

What cavity is the heart in?

thoracic

Differences in ___________ and ______________ pressures draw blood back up the veins.

thoracic, abdominal

Branches of the __________ aorta and _____________ artery supply the thoracic wall with blood.

thoracic, subclavian

How many layers in the wall of the heart

three

The right A-V valve called _________

tricuspid

Veins have the same three layers as arteries have and have a flap-like _________ inside to prevent backflow of blood

valve

Arteries are capable of ______________________ as directed by the sympathetic impulses; when impulses are inhibited _________________ results.

vasoconstriction, vasodialation

The _____________ center of the ___________ ______________ in the brain stem can adjust the sympathetic impulses to ____________ ____________ in arteriole walls, adjusting blood pressure.

vasomotor, medulla oblongata, smooth muscle

Lower chambers of the heart

ventricles

The second sound (dupp) occurs as ______________ relax and aortic and ____________ valves are closing.

ventricles, pulmonary

Small vessels called _____________ lead from capillaries and merge to form larger _________ that return blood to the heart.

venules, veins