AP Computer Science-AP Test Studying

The following table shows the value of expression based on the values of input1 and input2. Value of input1...Value of input2...Value of expression true..........................true..........................false true..........................false.........................true false.........................true..........................true false.........................false.........................true Which of the following expressions are equivalent to the value of expression as shown in the table? Select two answers. A. (NOT input1) OR (NOT input2) B. (NOT input1) AND (NOT input2) C. NOT (input1 OR input2) D. NOT (input1 AND input2)

A. (NOT input1) OR (NOT input2) C. NOT (input1 OR input2)

To be eligible for a particular ride at an amusement park, a person must be at least 12 years old and must be between 50 and 80 inches tall, inclusive. Let age represent a person's age, in years, and let height represent the person's height, in inches. Which of the following expressions evaluates to true if and only if the person is eligible for the ride? A. (age ≥ 12) AND ((height ≥ 50) AND (height ≤ 80)) B. (age ≥ 12) AND ((height ≤ 50) AND (height ≥ 80)) C. (age ≥ 12) AND ((height ≤ 50) OR (height ≥ 80)) D. (age ≥ 12) OR ((height ≥ 50) AND (height ≤ 80))

A. (age ≥ 12) AND ((height ≥ 50) AND (height ≤ 80))

Consider the following code segment. integerList <- 4, 2, 5, 4, 2, 3, 1 result <- 0 FOR EACH item IN integerList result <- result + (item MOD 2) DISPLAY result What value is displayed as a result of executing the code segment? A. 3 B. 4 C. 9 D. 12

A. 3

Which of the following best describes a challenge involved in using a parallel computing solution? A. A parallel computing solution may not be appropriate for an algorithm in which each step requires the output from the preceding step. B. A parallel computing solution may not be appropriate for an algorithm in which the same formula is applied to many numeric data elements. C. A parallel computing solution may not be appropriate for an algorithm that can be easily broken down into small independent tasks. D. A parallel computing solution may not be appropriate for an algorithm that searches for occurrences of a key word in a large number of documents.

A. A parallel computing solution may not be appropriate for an algorithm in which each step requires the output from the preceding step.

Which of the following best exemplifies the use of keylogging to gain unauthorized access to a computer system? A. A user unintentionally installs a program on their computer that records all user input and forwards it to another computer. A few weeks later, someone else is able to access the user's computer using the recorded data. B. A user has a very common password for an online banking account. Someone else guesses the password after a few attempts and gains access to the user's account. C. A user logs into an unsecure Web site. Someone else is able to view unencrypted log-in information as it is transmitted over the Internet. The user has the same username and password for multiple accounts, so the user's log-in information for multiple systems may be compromised. D. A user receives an e-mail that claims to be from the user's bank. The e-mail instructs the user to click on a link to a Web site and enter a username and password to verify an account. Shortly after following the steps, the user discovers that the Web site is fraudulent and that the user's username and password were stolen.

A. A user unintentionally installs a program on their computer that records all user input and forwards it to another computer. A few weeks later, someone else is able to access the user's computer using the recorded data.

Which of the following is an example of an attack using a rogue access point? A. An unauthorized individual gains the ability to view network traffic by connecting to a network router that uses weak or no security measures. B. An unauthorized individual physically disconnects an exposed network router, making the network unavailable to some users. C. An unauthorized individual poses as a network administrator and attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. D. A group of unauthorized individuals overwhelms a network router with traffic, making it unavailable to some users.

A. An unauthorized individual gains the ability to view network traffic by connecting to a network router that uses weak or no security measures.

Which of the following research proposals is most likely to be successful as a citizen science project? A. Collecting pictures of birds from around the world that can then be analyzed to determine how location affects bird size B. Monitoring a group of cells in a laboratory to determine how growth rate is affected by exposure to varying temperatures C. Using a simulation to determine which one from a set of chemicals causes the most significant change to local animal and plant life D. Using specialized equipment to perform three-dimensional scans of complex proteins found in human cells

A. Collecting pictures of birds from around the world that can then be analyzed to determine how location affects bird size

A group of students take hundreds of digital photos for a science project about weather patterns. Each photo file contains data representing the level of red, green, and blue for each pixel in the photo. The file also contains metadata that describes the date, time, and geographic location where the photo was taken. For which of the following goals would analyzing the metadata be more appropriate than analyzing the data? Select two answers. A. Determining the chronological order of the photos B. Determining the number of clouds in a particular photo C. Determining whether a photo is suitable for printing in black-and-white D. Determining whether two photos were taken at the same location on different days

A. Determining the chronological order of the photos D. Determining whether two photos were taken at the same location on different days

The following spinner is used in a game. The region labeled "blue" represents 1/4 of the spinner. The regions labeled "orange" and "purple" are equal in size. Which of the following code segments can be used to simulate the behavior of the spinner? Select two answers. A. IF RANDOM 1,4 = 1 DISPLAY "blue" ELSE IF RANDOM 1,2 = 1 DISPLAY "orange" ELSE DISPLAY "purple" B. IF RANDOM 1,4 > 1 DISPLAY "blue" ELSE IF RANDOM 1,2 = 1 DISPLAY "orange" ELSE DISPLAY "purple" C. spin <-- RANDOM 1,4 IF spin = 1 DISPLAY "blue" ELSE IF spin = 2 DISPLAY "orange" ELSE DISPLAY "purple" D. spin <-- RANDOM 1,4 IF spin = 1 DISPLAY "blue" ELSE spin <-- RANDOM 1,2 IF spin = 2 DISPLAY "orange" ELSE DISPLAY "purple"

A. IF RANDOM 1,4 = 1 DISPLAY "blue" ELSE IF RANDOM 1,2 = 1 DISPLAY "orange" ELSE DISPLAY "purple" D. spin <-- RANDOM 1,4 IF spin = 1 DISPLAY "blue" ELSE spin <-- RANDOM 1,2 IF spin = 2 DISPLAY "orange" ELSE DISPLAY "purple"

Which of the following is a true statement about the use of public key encryption in transmitting messages? A. Public key encryption enables parties to initiate secure communications through an open medium, such as the Internet, in which there might be eavesdroppers. B. Public key encryption is not considered a secure method of communication because a public key can be intercepted. C. Public key encryption only allows the encryption of documents containing text; documents containing audio and video must use a different encryption method. D. Public key encryption uses a single key that should be kept secure because it is used for both encryption and decryption.

A. Public key encryption enables parties to initiate secure communications through an open medium, such as the Internet, in which there might be eavesdroppers.

A code segment is intended to display the following output. up down down down up down down down Which of the following code segments can be used to display the intended output? A. REPEAT 2 TIMES DISPLAY "up" REPEAT 3 TIMES DISPLAY "down" B. REPEAT 3 TIMES DISPLAY "up" REPEAT 2 TIMES DISPLAY "down" C. REPEAT 2 TIMES REPEAT 3 TIMES DISPLAY "up" DISPLAY "down" D. REPEAT 3 TIMES REPEAT 2 TIMES DISPLAY "up" DISPLAY "down"

A. REPEAT 2 TIMES DISPLAY "up" REPEAT 3 TIMES DISPLAY "down"

A certain computer has two identical processors that are able to run in parallel. The following table indicates the amount of time it takes to execute each of four processes on a single processor. Assume that none of the processes is dependent on any of the other processes. Process...Execution Time on Either Processor P.................30 seconds Q.................10 seconds R.................20 seconds S..................15 seconds Which of the following parallel computing solutions would minimize the amount of time it takes to execute all four processes? A. Running processes P and Q on one processor and processes R and S on the other processor B. Running processes P and R on one processor and processes Q and S on the other processor C. Running processes P and S on one processor and processes Q and R on the other processor D. Running process P on one processor and processes Q, R, and S on the other processor

A. Running processes P and Q on one processor and processes R and S on the other processor

Each student at a school has a unique student ID number. A teacher has the following spreadsheets available. Spreadsheet I contains information on all students at the school. For each entry in this spreadsheet, the student name, the student ID, and the student's grade point average are included. Spreadsheet II contains information on only students who play at least one sport. For each entry in this spreadsheet, the student ID and the names of the sports the student plays are included. Spreadsheet III contains information on only students whose grade point average is greater than 3.5. For each entry in this spreadsheet, the student name and the student ID are included. Spreadsheet IV contains information on only students who play more than one sport. For each entry in this spreadsheet, the student name and the student ID are included. The teacher wants to determine whether students who play a sport are more or less likely to have higher grade point averages than students who do not play any sports. Which of the following pairs of spreadsheets can be combined and analyzed to determine the desired information? A. Spreadsheets I and II B. Spreadsheets I and IV C. Spreadsheets II and III D. Spreadsheets III and IV

A. Spreadsheets I and II

A list of numbers has n elements, indexed from 1 to n. The following algorithm is intended to display true if the value target appears in the list more than once and to display false otherwise. The algorithm uses the variables position and count. Steps 4 and 5 are missing. Step 1:Set count to 0 and position to 1. Step 2:If the value of the element at index position is equal to target, increase the value of count by 1. Step 3:Increase the value of position by 1. Step 4:(missing step)Step 5:(missing step) Which of the following could be used to replace steps 4 and 5 so that the algorithm works as intended? A. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the value of position is greater than n. Step 5: If count is greater than or equal to 2, display true. Otherwise, display false. B. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the value of position is greater than n. Step 5: If count is greater than or equal to position, display true. Otherwise, display false. C. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the value of count is greater than 2. Step 5: If position is greater than or equal to n, display true. Otherwise, display false. D. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the value of count is greater than n. Step 5: If count is greater than or equal to 2, display true. Otherwise, display false.

A. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the value of position is greater than n. Step 5: If count is greater than or equal to 2, display true. Otherwise, display false.

Which of the following best explains how symmetric encryption algorithms are typically used? A. Symmetric encryption uses a single key that should be kept secret. The same key is used for both encryption and decryption of data. B. Symmetric encryption uses a single key that should be made public. The same key is used for both encryption and decryption of data. C. Symmetric encryption uses two keys that should both be kept secret. One key is used for encryption, and the other is used for decryption. D. Symmetric encryption uses two keys. The key used for encryption should be made public, but the key used for decryption should be kept secret.

A. Symmetric encryption uses a single key that should be kept secret. The same key is used for both encryption and decryption of data.

An online gaming company is introducing several new initiatives to encourage respectful communication between players of online games. Which of the following best describes a solution that uses crowdsourcing? A. The company allows individual players to endorse fellow players based on courteous interactions. Once a player receives enough endorsements, the player is given free rewards that can be used during gameplay. B. The company eliminates chat from gameplay and sets the default chat policy to off. Players must actively turn on chat to converse outside of gameplay. C. The company introduces software that monitors all chats. Inappropriate conversations are identified, and players involved in the conversations are banned from the game. D. The company updates the acceptable content guidelines to explicitly describe appropriate and inappropriate behavior. All players must electronically sign an agreement to adhere to the guidelines.

A. The company allows individual players to endorse fellow players based on courteous interactions. Once a player receives enough endorsements, the player is given free rewards that can be used during gameplay.

A video-streaming Web site keeps count of the number of times each video has been played since it was first added to the site. The count is updated each time a video is played and is displayed next to each video to show its popularity. At one time, the count for the most popular video was about two million. Sometime later, the same video displayed a seven-digit negative number as its count, while the counts for the other videos displayed correctly. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the error? A. The count for the video became larger than the maximum value allowed by the data type used to store the count. B. The mathematical operations used to calculate the count caused a rounding error to occur. C. The software used to update the count failed when too many videos were played simultaneously by too many users. D. The software used to update the count contained a sampling error when using digital data to approximate the analog count.

A. The count for the video became larger than the maximum value allowed by the data type used to store the count.

The following code segment is intended to remove all duplicate elements in the list myList. The procedure does not work as intended. j ← LENGTH(myList) REPEAT UNTIL(j = 1) { IF(myList[j] = myList[j - 1]) { REMOVE(myList, j) } j ← j - 1 } For which of the following contents of myList will the procedure NOT produce the intended results? Select two answers. A. [10, 10, 20, 20, 10, 10] B. [30, 30, 30, 10, 20, 20] C. [30, 50, 40, 10, 20, 40] D. [50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50]

A. [10, 10, 20, 20, 10, 10] C. [30, 50, 40, 10, 20, 40]

In a certain video game, players are awarded bonus points at the end of a level based on the value of the integer variable timer. The bonus points are awarded as follows. If timer is less than 30, then 500 bonus points are awarded. If timer is between 30 and 60 inclusive, then 1000 bonus points are awarded. If timer is greater than 60, then 1500 bonus points are awarded. Which of the following code segments assigns the correct number of bonus points to bonus for all possible values of timer ? Select two answers. A. bonus <-- 500 IF timer >= 30 bonus<-- bonus + 500 IF timer > 60 bonus <-- bonus + 500 B. bonus <-- 1500 IF timer >= 30 bonus <-- bonus - 500 IF timer < 30 bonus <-- bonus - 500 C. IF timer > 60 bonus <-- 1500 IF timer >= 30 bonus <-- 1000 IF timer <30 bonus <-- 500 D. IF timer > 60 bonus <-- 1500 IF timer >= 30 AND timer <= 60 bonus <-- 1000 IF timer <30 bonus <-- 500

A. bonus <-- 500 IF timer >= 30 bonus<-- bonus + 500 IF timer > 60 bonus <-- bonus + 500 D. IF timer > 60 bonus <-- 1500 IF timer >= 30 AND timer <= 60 bonus <-- 1000 IF timer <30 bonus <-- 500

The question below uses a robot in a grid of squares. The robot is represented as a triangle, which is initially in the center square and facing toward the top of the grid. The following code segment is used to move the robot in the grid. count ← 1 REPEAT 4 TIMES { REPEAT count TIMES { MOVE_FORWARD() } ROTATE_LEFT( ) count ← count + 1 } Which of the following code segments will move the robot from the center square along the same path as the code segment above? A. count ← 0 REPEAT 4 TIMES { count ← count + 1 REPEAT count TIMES { MOVE_FORWARD() } ROTATE_LEFT() } B. count ← 0 REPEAT 4 TIMES { count ← count + 1 ROTATE_LEFT() REPEAT count TIMES { MOVE_FORWARD() } } C count ← 0 REPEAT 4 TIMES { REPEAT count TIMES { ROTATE_LEFT() } MOVE_FORWARD() count ← count + 1 } D count ←← 0 REPEAT 4 TIMES { ROTATE_LEFT() REPEAT count TIMES { MOVE_FORWARD() } count ←← count + 1 }

A. count ← 0 REPEAT 4 TIMES { count ← count + 1 REPEAT count TIMES { MOVE_FORWARD() } ROTATE_LEFT() }

Consider the following code segment. first <-- 100 second <-- 200 temp <-- first second <-- temp first <-- second What are the values of first and second as a result of executing the code segment? A. first = 100, second = 100 B. first = 100, second = 200 C. first = 200, second = 100 D. first = 200, second = 200

A. first = 100, second = 100

The following procedures are available for string manipulation. Procedure Call.....................Explanation substring(str, start, end)...Returns a substring of consecutive characters of str starting with the character at position start and ending with the character at position end. The first character of str is considered position 1. For example, substring("delivery", 3, 6) returns "live". concat(str1, str2)...................Returns a single string consisting of str1 followed by str2. For example, concat("key", "board") returns "keyboard". len(str).......................................Returns the number of characters in str. For example, len("key") returns 3. A programmer wants to create a new string by removing the character in position n of the string oldStr. For example, if oldStr is "best" and n is 3, then the new string should be "bet". Assume that 1 < n < len(oldStr). Which of the following code segments can be used to create the desired new string and store it in newStr ? Select two answers. A. left ← substring(oldStr, 1, n - 1) right ← substring(oldStr, n + 1, len(oldStr)) newStr ← concat(left, right) B. left ← substring(oldStr, 1, n + 1) right ← substring(oldStr, n - 1, len(oldStr)) newStr ← concat(left, right) C. newStr ← substring(oldStr, 1, n - 1) newStr ← concat(newStr, substring(oldStr, n + 1, len(oldStr))) D. newStr ← substring(oldStr, n + 1, len(oldStr)) newStr ← concat(newStr, substring(oldStr, 1, n - 1))

A. left ← substring(oldStr, 1, n - 1) right ← substring(oldStr, n + 1, len(oldStr)) newStr ← concat(left, right) C. newStr ← substring(oldStr, 1, n - 1) newStr ← concat(newStr, substring(oldStr, n + 1, len(oldStr)))

Consider the following procedure. Procedure Call: drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2) Explanation: Draws a line segment on a coordinate grid with endpoints at coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) The drawLine procedure is to be used to draw the following figure on a coordinate grid. Which of the following code segments can be used to draw the figure? A. xVal ← 1 yVal ← 0 len ← 1 REPEAT 5 TIMES { drawLine(xVal, yVal, xVal, yVal + len) xVal ← xVal + 1 len ← len + 1 } B. xVal ← 1 yVal ← 0 len ← 1 REPEAT 5 TIMES { drawLine(xVal, yVal, xVal + len, yVal) yVal ← yVal + 1 len ← len + 1 } C. xVal ← 5 yVal ← 0 len ← 5 REPEAT 5 TIMES { drawLine(xVal, yVal, xVal, yVal + len) xVal ← xVal - 1 } D. xVal ← 5 yVal ← 0 len ← 5 REPEAT 5 TIMES { drawLine(xVal, yVal, xVal + len, yVal) yVal ← yVal - 1 len ← len - 1 }

A. xVal ← 1 yVal ← 0 len ← 1 REPEAT 5 TIMES { drawLine(xVal, yVal, xVal, yVal + len) xVal ← xVal + 1 len ← len + 1 }

A large spreadsheet contains the following information about local restaurants. A sample portion of the spreadsheet is shown below. A: Restaurant Name; B: Price Range; C: Number of Customer Ratings; D:Average Customer Rating; E: Accepts Credit Cards 1. A: Joey Calzone's Pizzeria; B: lo; C: 182; D: 3.5; E: false 2. A: 78th Street Bistro; B: med; C: 41; D: 4.5; E: false 3. A: Seaside Taqueria; B: med; C: 214; D: 4.5; E: true 4. A: Delicious Sub Shop II; B: lo; C: 202; D: 4.0; E: false 5. A: Rustic Farm Tavern; B: hi; C: 116; D: 4.5; E: true 6. A: ABC Downtown Diner; B: med; C: 0; D: -1.0; E: true In column B, the price range represents the typical cost of a meal, where "lo" indicates under $10, "med" indicates $11 to $30, and "hi" indicates over $30. In column D, the average customer rating is set to -1.0 for restaurants that have no customer ratings. A student wants to count the number of restaurants in the spreadsheet whose price range is $30 or less and whose average customer rating is at least 4.0. For a given row in the spreadsheet, suppose prcRange contains the price range as a string and avgRating contains the average customer rating as a decimal number. Which of the following expressions will evaluate to true if the restaurant should be counted and evaluates to false otherwise? A. (avgRating ≥ 4.0) AND ((prcRange = "lo") AND (prcRange = "med")) B. (avgRating ≥ 4.0) AND ((prcRange = "lo") OR (prcRange = "med")) C. (avgRating ≥ 4.0) OR ((prcRange = "lo") AND (prcRange = "med")) D. (avgRating ≥ 4.0) OR ((prcRange = "lo") OR (prcRange = "med"))

B. (avgRating ≥ 4.0) AND ((prcRange = "lo") OR (prcRange = "med"))

A sorted list of numbers contains 128 elements. Which of the following is closest to the maximum number of list elements that can be examined when performing a binary search for a value in the list? A. 2 B. 8 C. 64 D. 128

B. 8

A company delivers packages by truck and would like to minimize the length of the route that each driver must travel in order to reach n delivery locations. The company is considering two different algorithms for determining delivery routes. Algorithm I: Generate all possible routes, compute their lengths, and then select the shortest possible route. This algorithm does not run in reasonable time. Algorithm II: Starting from an arbitrary delivery location, find the nearest unvisited delivery location. Continue creating the route by selecting the nearest unvisited location until all locations have been visited. This algorithm does not guarantee the shortest possible route and runs in time proportional to n^2. Which of the following best categorizes algorithm II? A. Algorithm II attempts to use an algorithmic approach to solve an otherwise undecidable problem. B. Algorithm II uses a heuristic approach to provide an approximate solution in reasonable time. C. Algorithm II provides no improvement over algorithm I because neither algorithm runs in reasonable time. D. Algorithm II requires a much faster computer in order to provide any improvement over algorithm I.

B. Algorithm II uses a heuristic approach to provide an approximate solution in reasonable time.

Which of the following best explains how an analog audio signal is typically represented by a computer? A. An analog audio signal is measured as input parameters to a program or procedure. The inputs are represented at the lowest level as a collection of variables. B. An analog audio signal is measured at regular intervals. Each measurement is stored as a sample, which is represented at the lowest level as a sequence of bits. C. An analog audio signal is measured as a sequence of operations that describe how the sound can be reproduced. The operations are represented at the lowest level as programming instructions. D. An analog audio signal is measured as text that describes the attributes of the sound. The text is represented at the lowest level as a string.

B. An analog audio signal is measured at regular intervals. Each measurement is stored as a sample, which is represented at the lowest level as a sequence of bits.

Which of the following best explains how data is transmitted on the Internet? A. Data is broken into packets, which are all sent to the recipient in a specified order along the same path. B. Data is broken into packets, which can be sent along different paths. C. All data is transmitted in a single packet through a direct connection between the sender and the recipient. D. Multiple data files are bundled together in a packet and transmitted together.

B. Data is broken into packets, which can be sent along different paths.

The figure below represents a network of physically linked devices labeled A through I. A line between two devices indicates that the devices can communicate directly with each other. Any information sent between two devices that are not directly connected must go through at least one other device. For example, in the network represented below, information can be sent directly between A and B, but information sent between devices A and G must go through other devices. What is the minimum number of connections that must be broken or removed before device B can no longer communicate with device C? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six

B. Four

Assume that the Boolean variable hot is assigned the value true and the Boolean variable humid is assigned the value false. Which of the following will display the value true ? Select two answers. A. IF hot DISPLAY hot AND humid B. IF NOT humid DISPLAY hot OR humid C. IF hot OR humid DISPLAY hot D. IF hot AND humid DISPLAY hot

B. IF NOT humid DISPLAY hot OR humid C. IF hot OR humid DISPLAY hot

A city maintains a database of all traffic tickets that were issued over the past ten years. The tickets are divided into the following two categories. - Moving violations - Nonmoving violations The data recorded for each ticket include only the following information. - The month and year in which the ticket was issued - The category of the ticket Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered using only the information in the database? A. Have the total number of traffic tickets per year increased each year over the past ten years? B. In the past ten years, were nonmoving violations more likely to occur on a weekend than on a weekday? C. In the past ten years, were there any months when moving violations occurred more often than nonmoving violations? D. In how many of the past ten years were there more than one million moving violations?

B. In the past ten years, were nonmoving violations more likely to occur on a weekend than on a weekday?

The author of an e-book publishes the e-book using a no-rights-reserved Creative Commons license. Which of the following best explains the consequences of publishing the book with this type of license? A. The contents of the e-book will be encrypted and can only be decrypted by authorized individuals. B. Individuals can freely distribute or use the contents of the e-book without needing to obtain additional permissions from the author. C. Individuals will be legally prevented from sharing the e-book on a peer-to-peer network. D. Individuals will be legally prevented from using excerpts from the e-book in another published work.

B. Individuals can freely distribute or use the contents of the e-book without needing to obtain additional permissions from the author.

A certain social media application is popular with people across the United States. The developers of the application are updating the algorithm used by the application to introduce a new feature that allows users of the application with similar interests to connect with one another. Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to introduce bias into the application? A. Enticing users to spend more time using the application by providing the updated algorithm for users who use the application at least ten hours per week B. Inviting a random sample of all users to try out the new algorithm and provide feedback before it is released to a wider audience C. Providing the updated algorithm only to teenage users to generate excitement about the new feature D. Testing the updated algorithm with a small number of users in the city where the developers are located so that immediate feedback can be gathered

B. Inviting a random sample of all users to try out the new algorithm and provide feedback before it is released to a wider audience

In the following procedure, the parameter age represents a person's age. The procedure is intended to return the name of the age group associated with age. People who are under 18 are considered minors, people who are 65 and older are considered senior citizens, and all other people are considered adults. The procedure does not work as intended. Line 1: PROCEDURE ageGroup(age) Line 2: { Line 3: result ←← "adult" Line 4: IF(age ≥ 65) Line 5: { Line 6: result ←← "senior citizen" Line 7: } Line 8: RETURN(result) Line 9: Line 10: result ←← "adult" Line 11: IF(age < 18) Line 12: { Line 13: result ←← "minor" Line 14: } Line 15: RETURN(result) Line 16: } Removing which two lines of code will cause the procedure to work as intended? Select two answers. A. Line 3 B. Line 8 C. Line 10 D. Line 15

B. Line 8 C. Line 10

In a science experiment, result X is expected to occur 25% of the time and result Y is expected to occur the remaining 75% of the time. The following code segment is intended to simulate the experiment if there are 100 trials. Line 1: xCount ←← 0 Line 2: yCount ←← 0 Line 3: REPEAT 100 TIMES Line 4: { Line 5: IF(RANDOM(1, 4) = 1) Line 6: { Line 7: xCount ←← xCount + 1 Line 8: } Line 9: IF(RANDOM(1, 4) > 1) Line 10: { Line 11: yCount ←← yCount + 1 Line 12: } Line 13: } Line 14: DISPLAY("Result X occurred") Line 15: DISPLAY(xCount) Line 16: DISPLAY("times and result Y occurred") Line 17: DISPLAY(yCount) Line 18: DISPLAY("times.") A programmer runs the code segment, and the following message is displayed. Result X occurred 24 times and result Y occurred 70 times. The result shows that 94 trials were counted, rather than the intended 100 trials. Which of the following changes to the code segment will ensure a correct simulation of the experiment? A. Replacing line 9 with IF(RANDOM(1, 4) ≥ 2) B. Replacing line 9 with ELSE C. Interchanging lines 5 and 9 D. Interchanging lines 7 and 11

B. Replacing line 9 with ELSE

A state government is attempting to reduce the digital divide. Which of the following activities has the greatest potential to contribute to the digital divide rather than reducing it? A. Providing programs that focus on technology literacy at local libraries B. Requiring applicants for government jobs to apply using an online platform C. Working with technology companies to offer computing devices at discounted prices to individuals with reduced incomes D. Working with telecommunications companies to build network infrastructure in remote areas

B. Requiring applicants for government jobs to apply using an online platform

Which of the following statements about the Internet is true? A. The Internet is a computer network that uses proprietary communication protocols. B. The Internet is designed to scale to support an increasing number of users. C. The Internet requires all communications to use encryption protocols. D. The Internet uses a centralized system to determine how packets are routed.

B. The Internet is designed to scale to support an increasing number of users.

A program developed for a Web store represents customer account balances using a format that approximates real numbers. While testing the program, a software developer discovers that some values appear to be mathematically imprecise. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the imprecision? A. The account balances are represented using a fixed number of bits, resulting in overflow errors. B. The account balances are represented using a fixed number of bits, resulting in round-off errors. C. The account balances are represented using an unlimited number of bits, resulting in overflow errors. D. The account balances are represented using an unlimited number of bits, resulting in round-off errors.

B. The account balances are represented using a fixed number of bits, resulting in round-off errors.

RunRoutr is a fitness tracking application for smartphones that creates suggested running routes so that users can run with each other. Upon downloading the application, each user creates a username, a personal profile, and a contact list of friends who also use the application. The application uses the smartphone's GPS unit to track a user's location, running speed, and distance traveled. Users can use the application to review information and statistics about their previous runs. At the beginning of a run, users indicate the distance they want to run from their current location, and the application suggests a running route. Once a user accepts a suggested route, the application shares the suggested route with other compatible users in the area so that they can run together. Users are considered compatible if they are on each other's contact lists or if they typically run at similar speeds. A basic RunRoutr account is free, but it displays advertisements that are targeted to individual users based on data collected by the application. For example, if a user's running route begins or ends near a particular store, the application may display an advertisement for that store. Users have the ability to pay a monthly fee for a premium account, which removes advertisements from the application. Which of the following is most likely to be a data privacy concern for RunRoutr users? A. Users of the application are required to carry their smartphones with them while running in order to enable all of the application's features. B. Users of the application may have the ability to determine information about the locations of users that are not on their contact lists. C. Users of the application may not be able to accurately track their running history if they share their smartphone with another family member. D. Users of the application may not be compatible with any other users in their area.

B. Users of the application may have the ability to determine information about the locations of users that are not on their contact lists.

Delivery trucks enter and leave a depot through a controlled gate. At the depot, each truck is loaded with packages, which will then be delivered to one or more customers. As each truck enters and leaves the depot, the following information is recorded and uploaded to a database. The truck's identification number The truck's weight The date and time the truck passes through the gate Whether the truck is entering or leaving the depot Using only the information in the database, which of the following questions CANNOT be answered? A. On which day in a particular range of dates did the greatest number of trucks enter and leave the depot? B. What is the average number of customer deliveries made by each truck on a particular day? C. What is the change in weight of a particular truck between when it entered and left the depot? D. Which truck has the shortest average time spent at the depot on a particular day?

B. What is the average number of customer deliveries made by each truck on a particular day?

In the following code segment, assume that the variable n has been initialized with an integer value. IF n > 10 IF n > 100 DISPLAY "artichoke" ELSE DISPLAY "broccoli" ELSE IF n > 100 DISPLAY "carrot" ELSE DISPLAY "daikon" Which of the following is NOT a possible value displayed by the program? A. "artichoke" B. "broccoli" C. "carrot" D. "daikon"

C. "carrot"

The player controls in a particular video game are represented by numbers. The controls and their corresponding binary values are shown in the following table. Control I Binary Value ← I 01000 ↑ I 01001 → I 01011 ↓ I 01111 Jump I 11000 Run I 11001 Pause I 11011 Reset I 11111 The numeric values for the controls can also be represented in decimal (base 10). What is the decimal value for the jump control? A. 3 B. 12 C. 24 D. 48

C. 24

A game is played by moving a game piece left or right along a horizontal game board. The board consists of spaces of various colors, as shown. The circle represents the initial location of the game piece. Yellow I Black I Green I Green I Red I Yellow I Black I Black I Yellow I Black The following algorithm indicates how the game is played. The game continues until the game is either won by landing on the red space or lost when the piece moves off either end of the board. Step 1: Place a game piece on a space that is not red and set a counter to 0. Step 2: If the game piece is on a yellow space, move the game piece 3 positions to the left and go to step 3. Otherwise, if the game piece is on a black space, move the game piece 1 position to the left and go to step 3. Otherwise, if the game piece is on a green space, move the game piece 2 positions to the right and go to step 3. Step 3: Increase the value of the counter by 1. Step 4:If game piece is on the red space or moved off the end of the game board, the game is complete. Otherwise, go back to step 2. If a game is begun by placing the game piece on the rightmost black space for step 1, what will be the value of the counter at the end of the game? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

C. 4

A store uses binary numbers to assign a unique binary sequence to each item in its inventory. What is the minimum number of bits required for each binary sequence if the store has between 75 and 100 items in its inventory? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

C. 7

Which of the following best exemplifies the use of multifactor authentication to protect an online banking system? A. When a user resets a password for an online bank account, the user is required to enter the new password twice. B. When multiple people have a shared online bank account, they are each required to have their own unique username and password. C. After entering a password for an online bank account, a user must also enter a code that is sent to the user's phone via text message. D. An online bank requires users to change their account passwords multiple times per year without using the same password twice.

C. After entering a password for an online bank account, a user must also enter a code that is sent to the user's phone via text message.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of collaborating to develop a computing innovation? A. Collaboration can decrease the size and complexity of tasks required of individual team members. B. Collaboration can make it easier to find and correct errors during the development process. C. Collaboration eliminates the need to resolve differences of opinion. D. Collaboration facilitates multiple perspectives in developing ideas.

C. Collaboration eliminates the need to resolve differences of opinion.

The grid below contains a robot represented as a triangle, initially facing toward the top of the grid. The robot can move into a white or gray square but cannot move into a black region. The code segment below uses the procedure goalReached, which evaluates to true if the robot is in the gray square and evaluates to false otherwise. REPEAT UNTIL(goalReached()) { <MISSING CODE> } Which of the following replacements for <MISSING CODE> can be used to move the robot to the gray square? A. IF(CAN_MOVE(left)) { ROTATE_LEFT( ) MOVE_FORWARD( ) } B. IF(CAN_MOVE(forward)) { MOVE_FORWARD( ) ROTATE_LEFT( ) } C. IF(CAN_MOVE(left)) { ROTATE_LEFT( ) } MOVE_FORWARD( ) D. IF(CAN_MOVE(forward)) { MOVE_FORWARD( ) } ELSE { ROTATE_LEFT( ) }

C. IF(CAN_MOVE(left)) { ROTATE_LEFT( ) } MOVE_FORWARD( )

The figure below represents a network of physically linked devices labeled A through I. A line between two devices indicates that the devices can communicate directly with each other. Any information sent between two devices that are not directly connected must go through at least one other device. For example, in the network represented below, information can be sent directly between A and B, but information sent between devices A and G must go through other devices. Which of the following statements is true about the network? A. Information sent from device A to device D can use at most two unique paths. B. Information sent from device A to device I will pass through at most four other devices. C. If devices B and F fail, then device A will not be able to communicate with device G. D. If devices C and F fail, then device D will not be able to communicate with device H.

C. If devices B and F fail, then device A will not be able to communicate with device G.

RunRoutr is a fitness tracking application for smartphones that creates suggested running routes so that users can run with each other. Upon downloading the application, each user creates a username, a personal profile, and a contact list of friends who also use the application. The application uses the smartphone's GPS unit to track a user's location, running speed, and distance traveled. Users can use the application to review information and statistics about their previous runs. At the beginning of a run, users indicate the distance they want to run from their current location, and the application suggests a running route. Once a user accepts a suggested route, the application shares the suggested route with other compatible users in the area so that they can run together. Users are considered compatible if they are on each other's contact lists or if they typically run at similar speeds. A basic RunRoutr account is free, but it displays advertisements that are targeted to individual users based on data collected by the application. For example, if a user's running route begins or ends near a particular store, the application may display an advertisement for that store. Users have the ability to pay a monthly fee for a premium account, which removes advertisements from the application. Businesses have the ability to target advertisements to different groups of people who use RunRoutr. Which of the following groups is LEAST likely to receive targeted advertisements? A. Individuals who appear on each other's contact lists B. Individuals who are interested in running and fitness C. Individuals who sign up for a premium account D. Individuals whose running routes begin or end near a particular business location

C. Individuals who sign up for a premium account

A list of numbers is considered increasing if each value after the first is greater than or equal to the preceding value. The following procedure is intended to return true if numberList is increasing and return false otherwise. Assume that numberList contains at least two elements. Line 1: PROCEDURE isIncreasing(numberList) Line 2: { Line 3: count ←← 2 Line 4: REPEAT UNTIL(count > LENGTH(numberList)) Line 5: { Line 6: IF(numberList[count] < numberList[count - 1]) Line 7: { Line 8: RETURN(true) Line 9: } Line 10: count ←← count + 1 Line 11: } Line 12: RETURN(false) Line 13: } Which of the following changes is needed for the program to work as intended? A. In line 3, 2 should be changed to 1. B. In line 6, < should be changed to ≥. C. Lines 8 and 12 should be interchanged. D. Lines 10 and 11 should be interchanged.

C. Lines 8 and 12 should be interchanged.

Which of the following best describes a direct benefit in using redundant routing on the Internet? A. Redundancy enables messages to be transmitted with as few packets as possible. B. Redundancy enables network devices to communicate with as few network connections as possible. C. Redundancy often allows messages to be sent on the network even if some network devices or connections have failed. D. Redundancy prevents network communications from being intercepted by unauthorized individuals.

C. Redundancy often allows messages to be sent on the network even if some network devices or connections have failed.

In which of the following situations would it be most appropriate to choose lossy compression over lossless compression? A. Storing digital photographs to be printed and displayed in a large format in an art gallery B. Storing a formatted text document to be restored to its original version for a print publication C. Storing music files on a smartphone in order to maximize the number of songs that can be stored D. Storing a video file on an external device in order to preserve the highest possible video quality

C. Storing music files on a smartphone in order to maximize the number of songs that can be stored

RunRoutr is a fitness tracking application for smartphones that creates suggested running routes so that users can run with each other. Upon downloading the application, each user creates a username, a personal profile, and a contact list of friends who also use the application. The application uses the smartphone's GPS unit to track a user's location, running speed, and distance traveled. Users can use the application to review information and statistics about their previous runs. At the beginning of a run, users indicate the distance they want to run from their current location, and the application suggests a running route. Once a user accepts a suggested route, the application shares the suggested route with other compatible users in the area so that they can run together. Users are considered compatible if they are on each other's contact lists or if they typically run at similar speeds. A basic RunRoutr account is free, but it displays advertisements that are targeted to individual users based on data collected by the application. For example, if a user's running route begins or ends near a particular store, the application may display an advertisement for that store. Users have the ability to pay a monthly fee for a premium account, which removes advertisements from the application. Adrianna uses RunRoutr to suggest a running route. All compatible users near Adrianna receive a notification that shows her running route. Which of the following data is not obtained using data collected from Adrianna's smartphone but necessary for RunRoutr to share Adrianna's running route? A. Adrianna's average running speed B. Adrianna's preferred running distance C. The current locations of other RunRoutr users D. The usernames on Adrianna's contact list

C. The current locations of other RunRoutr users

A binary number is to be transformed by appending three 0s to the end of the number. For example, 11101 is transformed to 11101000. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the transformed number and the original number? A. The transformed number is 3 times the value of the original number. B. The transformed number is 4 times the value of the original number. C. The transformed number is 8 times the value of the original number. D. The transformed number is 1,000 times the value of the original number.

C. The transformed number is 8 times the value of the original number.

RunRoutr is a fitness tracking application for smartphones that creates suggested running routes so that users can run with each other. Upon downloading the application, each user creates a username, a personal profile, and a contact list of friends who also use the application. The application uses the smartphone's GPS unit to track a user's location, running speed, and distance traveled. Users can use the application to review information and statistics about their previous runs. At the beginning of a run, users indicate the distance they want to run from their current location, and the application suggests a running route. Once a user accepts a suggested route, the application shares the suggested route with other compatible users in the area so that they can run together. Users are considered compatible if they are on each other's contact lists or if they typically run at similar speeds. A basic RunRoutr account is free, but it displays advertisements that are targeted to individual users based on data collected by the application. For example, if a user's running route begins or ends near a particular store, the application may display an advertisement for that store. Users have the ability to pay a monthly fee for a premium account, which removes advertisements from the application. Which of the following is most likely to be a benefit to users of the application? A. The application allows users to identify all other users in a particular area. B. Users of the application may be able to easily identify all other users in a particular area as a result of the application's algorithm for determining whether users are compatible. C. Users of the application may see health benefits as a result of the application encouraging them to exercise with each other. D. Users of the application who live in rural areas have the ability to use all the features of the application, even when they do not have Internet and geolocation connectivity.

C. Users of the application may see health benefits as a result of the application encouraging them to exercise with each other.

The following question uses a robot in a grid of squares. The robot is represented by a triangle, which is initially facing right. Consider the following procedure. PROCEDURE botStepper n REPEAT n TIMES MOVE_FORWARD ROTATE_LEFT REPEAT n TIMES MOVE_FORWARD ROTATE_RIGHT Which of the following code segments will move the robot to the gray square along the path indicated by the arrows? A. botStepper 2 botStepper 3 B. botStepper 3 botStepper 4 C. botStepper 2 MOVE_FORWARD botStepper 3 D. botStepper 3 MOVE_FORWARD botStepper 4

C. botStepper 2 MOVE_FORWARD botStepper 3

A code segment is intended to transform the list utensils so that the last element of the list is moved to the beginning of the list. For example, if utensils initially contains ["fork", "spoon", "tongs", "spatula", "whisk"], it should contain ["whisk", "fork", "spoon", "tongs", "spatula"] after executing the code segment. Which of the following code segments transforms the list as intended? A. len ← LENGTH(utensils) temp ← utensils[len] REMOVE(utensils, len) APPEND(utensils, temp) B. len ← LENGTH(utensils) REMOVE(utensils, len) temp ← utensils[len] APPEND(utensils, temp) C. len ← LENGTH(utensils) temp ← utensils[len] REMOVE(utensils, len) INSERT(utensils, 1, temp) D. len ← LENGTH(utensils) REMOVE(utensils, len) temp ← utensils[len] INSERT(utensils, 1, temp)

C. len ← LENGTH(utensils) temp ← utensils[len] REMOVE(utensils, len) INSERT(utensils, 1, temp)

A flowchart provides a way to visually represent an algorithm and uses the following building blocks. Block: Explanation Oval: The start or end of the algorithm Rectangle: One or more processing steps, such as a statement that assigns a value to a variable Diamond: A conditional or decision step, where execution proceeds to the side labeled true if the condition is true and to the side labeled false otherwise Parallelogram: Displays a message In the flowchart below, assume that j and k are assigned integer values. Based on the algorithm represented in the flowchart, what value is displayed if j has the initial value 3 and k has the initial value 4 ? A. 7 B. 9 C. 10 D. 12

D. 12

Individuals sometimes attempt to remove personal information from the Internet. Which of the following is the LEAST likely reason the personal information is hard to remove? A. Internet users with a copy of the information might redistribute the personal information without first seeking permission. B. There are potentially an extremely large number of devices on the Internet that may contain the information. C. Automated technologies collect information about Internet users without their knowledge. D. All personal information is stored online using authentication measures, making the information hard to access.

D. All personal information is stored online using authentication measures, making the information hard to access.

A local router is configured to limit the bandwidth of guest users connecting to the Internet. Which of the following best explains the result of this configuration as compared to a configuration in which the router does not limit the bandwidth? A. The amount of time it takes guest users to send and receive large files is likely to decrease. B. The number of packets required for guest users to send and receive data is likely to decrease. C. Guest users will be prevented from having fault-tolerant routing on the Internet. D. Guest users will be restricted in the maximum amount of data that they can send and receive per second.

D. Guest users will be restricted in the maximum amount of data that they can send and receive per second.

A large spreadsheet contains the following information about local restaurants. A sample portion of the spreadsheet is shown below. - In column B, the price range represents the typical cost of a meal, where "lo" indicates under $10, "med" indicates $11 to $30, and "hi" indicates over $30. - In column D, the average customer rating is set to -1.0 for restaurants that have no customer ratings. A student is developing an algorithm to determine which of the restaurants that accept credit cards has the greatest average customer rating. Restaurants that have not yet received any customer ratings and restaurants that do not accept credit card are to be ignored. Once the algorithm is complete, the desired restaurant will appear in the first row of the spreadsheet. If there are multiple entries that fit the desired criteria, it does not matter which of them appears in the first row. The student has the following actions available but is not sure of the order in which they should be executed. Assume that applying either of the filters will not change the relative order of the rows remaining in the spreadsheet. Which of the following sequences of steps can be used to identify the desired restaurant? I. Filter by number of ratings, then filter by payment type, then sort by rating II. Filter by number of ratings, then sort by rating, then filter by payment type III. Sort by rating, then filter by number of ratings, then filter by payment type A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

D. I, II, and III

Which of the following best explains the relationship between the Internet and the World Wide Web? A. Both the Internet and the World Wide Web refer to the same interconnected network of devices. B. The Internet is an interconnected network of data servers, and the World Wide Web is a network of user devices that communicates with the data servers. C. The Internet is a local network of interconnected devices, and the World Wide Web is a global network that connects the local networks with each other. D. The Internet is a network of interconnected networks, and the World Wide Web is a system of linked pages, programs, and files that is accessed via the Internet.

D. The Internet is a network of interconnected networks, and the World Wide Web is a system of linked pages, programs, and files that is accessed via the Internet.

Which of the following best describes the value returned by the procedure? A. The procedure returns nothing because it will not terminate. B. The procedure returns the value of 2 * n. C. The procedure returns the value of n * n. D. The procedure returns the sum of the integers from 1 to n.

D. The procedure returns the sum of the integers from 1 to n.

RunRoutr is a fitness tracking application for smartphones that creates suggested running routes so that users can run with each other. Upon downloading the application, each user creates a username, a personal profile, and a contact list of friends who also use the application. The application uses the smartphone's GPS unit to track a user's location, running speed, and distance traveled. Users can use the application to review information and statistics about their previous runs. At the beginning of a run, users indicate the distance they want to run from their current location, and the application suggests a running route. Once a user accepts a suggested route, the application shares the suggested route with other compatible users in the area so that they can run together. Users are considered compatible if they are on each other's contact lists or if they typically run at similar speeds. A basic RunRoutr account is free, but it displays advertisements that are targeted to individual users based on data collected by the application. For example, if a user's running route begins or ends near a particular store, the application may display an advertisement for that store. Users have the ability to pay a monthly fee for a premium account, which removes advertisements from the application. Which of the following data must be collected from a user's smartphone in order for RunRoutr to suggest a running route? A. Available running routes near the user's home B. The current time C. The starting location of the user's previous run D. The user's geographic position

D. The user's geographic position

Which of the following best explains the ability to solve problems algorithmically? A. Any problem can be solved algorithmically, though some algorithmic solutions may require humans to validate the results. B. Any problem can be solved algorithmically, though some algorithmic solutions must be executed on multiple devices in parallel. C. Any problem can be solved algorithmically, though some algorithmic solutions require a very large amount of data storage to execute. D. There exist some problems that cannot be solved algorithmically using any computer.

D. There exist some problems that cannot be solved algorithmically using any computer.

Which of the following best explains how devices and information can be susceptible to unauthorized access if weak passwords are used? A. Unauthorized individuals can deny service to a computing system by overwhelming the system with login attempts. B. Unauthorized individuals can exploit vulnerabilities in compression algorithms to determine a user's password from their decompressed data. C. Unauthorized individuals can exploit vulnerabilities in encryption algorithms to determine a user's password from their encryption key. D. Unauthorized individuals can use data mining and other techniques to guess a user's password.

D. Unauthorized individuals can use data mining and other techniques to guess a user's password.

Which of the following is an example of a phishing attack? A. Loading malicious software onto a user's computer in order to secretly gain access to sensitive information B. Flooding a user's computer with e-mail requests in order to cause the computer to crash C. Gaining remote access to a user's computer in order to steal user IDs and passwords D. Using fraudulent e-mails in order to trick a user into voluntarily providing sensitive information

D. Using fraudulent e-mails in order to trick a user into voluntarily providing sensitive information

A scientist wants to investigate several problems. In which of the following situations is using a simulation LEAST suitable for solving a problem? A. When a scientific study requires performing a large number of trials that need to be conducted very quickly B. When it is considered acceptable to make simplifying assumptions when modeling a real-world object or phenomenon C. When performing an experiment that would be too costly or dangerous to conduct in the real world D. When the solution to the problem requires real-world data inputs that are continually measured at regular intervals.

D. When the solution to the problem requires real-world data inputs that are continually measured at regular intervals.

A flowchart provides a way to visually represent an algorithm and uses the following building blocks. Block: Explanation Oval: The start or end of the algorithm Rectangle: One or more processing steps, such as a statement that assigns a value to a variable Diamond: A conditional or decision step, where execution proceeds to the side labeled true if the condition is true and to the side labeled false otherwise Parallelogram: Displays a message In the flowchart below, assume that j and k are assigned integer values. Which of the following initial values of j and k will cause the algorithm represented in the flowchart to result in an infinite loop? A. j = -5, k = 5 B. j = 0, k = 5 C. j = 5, k = 0 D. j = 5, k = -5

D. j = 5, k = -5

The player controls in a particular video game are represented by numbers. The controls and their corresponding binary values are shown in the following table. Control I Binary Value ← I 01000 ↑ I 01001 → I 01011 ↓ I 01111 Jump I 11000 Run I 11001 Pause I 11011 Reset I 11111 The numeric values for the controls can also be represented in decimal (base 10). What control is represented by the decimal value 15 ? A. ← B. ↑ C. → D. ↓

D. ↓