AP Enviromental Unit One

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899549.g02.png

1000 kg

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae?

mutualism

Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature?

Carbon sinks include forests and oceans.

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

rivers

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH905886.g02.png

the atmosphere

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899439.g04.png

the carbon cycle

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899549.g02.png

the flow of energy

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area?

tropical rain forest

Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests?

Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients.

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899442.g02.png

the phosphorus cycle

Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH902914.g02.png

the sun

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity?

tropical rain forest

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome?

200 kilocalories/meter2/year

The net primary production of a pine forest on a lava flow on Mount Fuji is about 175,000kcal/m2/yr, and the plant respiration is estimated to be 115,000kcal/m2/yr. What is the total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis for this ecosystem?

290,000kcal/m2/yr290,000kcal/m2/yr

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increased from 278 ppm in 1790 to 383 ppm in 2007. What is the approximate percent increase in carbon dioxide concentration from 1790 to 2007?

38%

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

Cellular respiration

Which of the boxes represents a carbon source? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH915575.g03.png

D. Burning of fossil fuels

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas (N2).

Denitrification

Which of the following pathways indicate how nitrogen is added to the largest nitrogen reservoir? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH913975.g02.png

Denitrifying bacteria and volcanic activity

This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round.

Desert

The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters in the world map below. The location of the greatest remaining natural biodiversity. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/8b3f5f42d1b644d59a2fbff9c7f11482/original.png

E

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.

Gross primary productivity

Elements that cycle in the environment and that also have a gaseous phase at some point in their cycle include which of the following? I. Carbon II. Phosphorus III. Sulfur

I and III only

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred?

If a primary producer stores 10,000 kcal 1 0,000 kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10 kcal 10 kcal of energy available.

The following question(s) refer to the graph below which shows the monthly average CO2 concentration, in parts per million, as measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Which of the following is most likely a significant cause of the general trend indicated by the graph? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/d257d8f4515f2c6d5724128fab0d8842/original.png

Increase in consumption of fossil fuels

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899549.g02.png

Killer whale

Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment?

Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation.

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis.

Net primary productivity

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH905886.g02.png

Nitrogen Fixation

Which of the following would best describe X in the diagram above? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899244.g04.png

Phosphorus and nitrogen are both required for plant growth.

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study?

The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs.

The diagram shows the amount of phosphorus measured in teragrams (1 teragram = 1×1012 grams), in the various reservoirs of the phosphorus cycle. Which of the following is the best explanation for why there is such a small amount of phosphorus that moves into aquatic systems? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH909686.g03.png

There is not a gaseous phase of the phosphorus cycle, and therefore the movement of phosphorus into oceanic reservoirs is very slow.

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH913862.g03.png

There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

Which of the following best describes soil in many tropical rain forests?

They are quickly depleted nutrients when the forest is removed.

This biome is warm and wet, with little seasonal variation in temperature and frequent precipitation.

Tropical Rain Forest

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem?

Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest

USA

Which of the following best helps to explain why phosphorus is often a limiting factor in many ecosystems?

Under many conditions, phosphorus forms stable insoluble compounds.

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity?

Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH901681.g02.png

Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere.

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of

an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation

Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest?

Brazil and Indonesia

This area has the lowest amount of naturally available freshwater per capita https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/41809ad5ceaa5d3ca965eb3387acd948/original.png

D

Which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH915575.g03.png

A. Vegetation

The largest area of old-growth forest in the United States is located in

Alaska

Which environment is characterized by the highest diversity of tree species? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/6b8353331bf5914bf2592327450b52b9/original.png

B

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH905886.g02.png

Bacteria

A field is abandoned, and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. If the land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundance of nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made?

Bacteria in soil and in root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds.

Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH899268.g03.png

Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk

Which environment is most likely to be characterized by dry scrub with frequent fires? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/6b8353331bf5914bf2592327450b52b9/original.png

C

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain?

Phytoplankton

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following?

Providing habitats for wildlife

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of boreal forests

Russia

This biome is characterized by long dry seasons and is dominated by grasses, shrubs, and grazing animals.

Savanna

The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common?

Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth.

The following question(s) refer to the graph below which shows the monthly average CO2 concentration, in parts per million, as measured at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Which of the following most directly explains the periodic fluctuations of the curve? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/d257d8f4515f2c6d5724128fab0d8842/original.png

Seasonal variations in photosynthetic activity

Which of the following major storage reservoirs of carbon, stored in the form of carbon dioxide, is not represented in this diagram? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH905746.g01.png

The Ocean

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH901984.g03.png

The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome.

coral reefs

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

freshwater wetlands

In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to

greater accumulation of chapparal biomass

Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the nitrogen cycle?

https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/5881b14c-ddfa-409c-a811-92354e5b730b.JPG

Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram? https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH902914.g02.png

ice caps