AP Environmental Old Tests- Rappoport

3 human impacts on a Sulfur Cycle

1. burn sulfur- containing coal and oil 2. refine sulfur- containing petroleum 3. convert sulfur- containing metallic minerals

3 human impacts on a Phosphorus Cycle

1. clearing of forests 2. removing lots of phosphate to make fertilizers 3. erosion leaches phosphates into streams

3 human impacts on a Nitrogen Cycle

1. destruction of forests,, grasslands and wetlands 2. add excess nitrates to bodies of water 3. remove nitrogen from topsoil

3 human impacts on a Carbon Cycle

1. tree cleaning 2. forest fires 3. burning of fossil fuels

3 human impacts on a Hydrologic Cycle

1. withdrawal of large amounts of freshwater at rates raster than nature can replace it 2. clearing vegetation 3. increased flooding when wetlands are drained

which of the following is an area where primary succession is likely to occur: a. a sand dune along a lakeshore b. an area that has been clear-cut c. an area that was recently burned d. an abandoned field e. an area cleared by a tornado

a. a sand dune along a lakeshore

all of the following apply to the tundra biome EXCEPT: a. abundant average precipitation of 75-125 cm (30-50) per year b. permafrost c. nutrient-poor soils d. little organic matter e. long, harsh winters and short cool summers

a. abundant average precipitation of 75-125 cm (30-50) per year

tropical rain forests: a. are typically composed of at least five distinct layers, or stories, of vegetation b. are found in areas with ancient, mineral-poor soil c. occur in areas with ancient, mineral-poor soil d. are known for being only moderately productive e. are known for having moderate levels of biodiversity

a. are typically composed of at least 5 distinct layers, or stories of vegetation

which of the following traits is not a defense used by plants against herbivores? a. assembling in groups b. toxins c. spines or thorns d. thick wax layer e. noxious chemicals

a. assembling in groups

decomposers are: a. bacteria and fungi b. consumers c. saprotrophs d. heterotrophs e. all of these are correct

a. bacteria and fungi

a relatively distinct terrestrial region characterized by similar environmental factors regardless of where it occurs in the world is called a(n): a. biome b. community c. ecosystem d. habitat e. population

a. biome

in the pre-industrial demographic stage: a. birth and death rates are high b. there is a low death rate c. there is only very light industrialization d. there is a low birth rate e. there is a low infant mortality

a. birth and death rates are high

all of the following historical events have led to movement of people into cities EXCEPT: a. development of agriculture b. the american revolution c. the industrial revolution d. a search for jobs associated with natural resource extraction e. the American revolution and a search for jobs associated with natural resource extraction

a. development of agriculture

tundra: a. has a very short growing season b. has nutrient-rich soils c. is characterized by heavy precipitation d. experiences very long winters and long summers e. occurs in extreme southern latitudes

a. has a very short growing season

all of the following traits are characteristic of predators except: a. having a large brain size in a relationship to body mass b. speed c. camouflage d. assembling in packs or other types of animal groups

a. having a large brain size in a relationship to body mass

which of the following represents the sequence of primary succession on a sand dune? a. lichens > mosses > grasses > shrubs > tress b. crabgrass > weeds > oak trees > pine trees c. crabgrass > horseweed > weeds > pine trees > hardwood trees d. grasses > shrubs > poplars > pine trees > oak trees e. grasses > shrubs > pine trees > poplars hardwood trees

a. lichens > mosses > grasses > shrubs > tress

the shallow-water area along the shore of a lake or pond is called the __________ zone: a. limnetic b. littoral c. profundal d. headwater e. intertidal

a. limnetic

Which of the following is an abiotic factor of the environment? a. living spaces b. disease organisms c. photosynthesis d. producers e. detritivores

a. living spaces

the biological community that characterizes the artic tundra is composed of: a. migrating herbivores, small mammals, and predatory birds b. large trees c. mosses, lichens, and dwarf woody plants d. diverse amphibians and reptiles e. migrating herbivores, small mammals, and predatory birds, mosses, lichens, and dwarf woody plants

a. migrating herbivores, small mammals, and predatory birds

in the postindustrial age there is: a. modest population growth b. a high death rate c. greater affluence and higher levels of education d. a high birth rate e. high infant mortality

a. modest population growth

in order to estimate human impact on the environment we can: a. multiply the number or people times affluence per person times resources needed and wastes produced: I= P x A x T b. multiply resource depletion times number of years divided by number of people: I= R x Y / P c. multiply birth rate times consumption patterns divided by available resources: I= B x C / R d. divide number of people by resources needed and wastes produced: I= P/ T e. none of the choices the human impact cannot be measured

a. multiply the number or people times affluence per person times resources needed and wastes produced: I= P x A x T

this is natural services and natural resources put together: a. natural capital b. natural services c. natural resources d. none of the above

a. natural capital

this can be defined as something the environment does: a. natural capital b. natural services c. natural resources d. none of the above

a. natural services

the relationship between a tick and a dog is an example of a. parasitism b. mutualism c. commensalism d. an epiphytic organism and its host e. predation

a. parasitism

which of the following equations accurately represents population growth? a. r= (b - d) + (i - e) b. r= (b + d) - (i + e) c. r= (b - d) / (i + e) d. r= (b + d) / (i + e) e. none of these

a. r= (b - d) + (i - e)

compact development benefits the environment in all of the following ways except: a. reversing the trend towards urbanization b. reducing air pollution c. preserving rural areas d. utilizing brownfields, rather than natural habitats, for further development e. minimizing the reliance on personal motor vehicles

a. reversing the trend toward urbanization

the most fundamental division in aquatic ecology is a. salinity b. sunlight c. estuaries d. biomes e. differences in sea life

a. salinity

what is gentrification? a. the movement of wealthier people back to older, run down homes that have been renovated b. the remaining people in the city and older suburbs who find themselves the victims of declining property values and increasing isolation from suburban jobs c. the movement of more affluent citizens to the suburbs to avoid the noise and pollution of inner cities d. the movement of people in the inner city because of prejudice encountered when they seek to move out to suburban neighborhoods e. the movement of people to the suburbs to pay less in terms of taxes but more in terms of transportation costs

a. the movement of wealthier people back to older, run down homes that have been renovated

of the following statements, which statement is false? a. the second law of thermodynamics predicts that although localized areas may temporarily increase in the degree of order, the overall randomness of the universe will not decrease b. energy flow in ecosystems is linear, or one day c. photosynthesis converts the energy of the sun into stored chemical energy d. cellular respiration converts carbohydrates into usable energy and heat e. only about half the energy available in an organism is transferred to the consumer that eats it

a. the second law of thermodynamics predicts that although localized areas may temporarily increase in the degree of order, the overall randomness of the universe will not decrease

the challenges for countries with aging populations include all of the following concerns EXCEPT: a. ways to deal with an increase in violent crimes b. a need to increase the age of retirement c. reduction in financial benefits for the elderly d. not enough young people to support the elderly population e. a greater demand for health and social services

a. ways to deal with an increase in violent crimes

are humans still evolving? a. yes b. no c. not enough information

a. yes

which of the following is a producer? a. nutrient-rich water b. a rabbit c. an alga d. a fungus e. a saprotroph

an alga

which of the following is the best example of primary succession? a. a forest develops on abandoned farmland b. a forest develops on the edge of retreating glacier c. a forest develops in the area of a retreating glacier d. a forest develops in the area of a devastating fire e. a forest develops on the site of a logging operation

b. a forest develops on the edge of retreating glacier

a costal body of water partly surrounded by land with input from both sea and freshwater is called: a. limnteic zone b. an estuary c. freshwater wetland d. the oceanic province e. a reef

b. an estuary

decomposers provide mineral nutrients for: a. heterotrophs b. autotrophs c. the second trophic level d. the third trophic level e. omnivores

b. autotrophs

which of the following populations would have a growth rate of zero? a. b=100, d=50, i=0, e=100 b. b=100, d=50, i=50, e=100 c. b=100, d=50, i=75, e=100 d. b-100, d=50, i=100, e=100 e. b=100, d=50, i=150, e=100

b. b=100, d=50, i=50, e=100

a preservationist is more likely have a __________ worldview, and a conversationalist probably has a ________ worldview a. biocentric, eccentric b. biocentric, utilitarian c. anthropocentric, biocentric d. universal, rare e. self-centered, unselfish

b. biocentric, utilitarian

the science of population structure and growth is called: a. ecology b. demography c. democracy d. human dynamics e. ethology

b. demography

all of the following are considered a part of a city's infrastructure EXCEPT: a. roads b. department stores c. garbage trucks d. prisons e. water treatment plants

b. department stores

the movement of individuals out of a population is a. narwal increase b. emigration c. immigration d. dispersal e. carrying capacity

b. emigration

laws that impose rules and regulations and set limits of pollution are called a. command and control b. environmental impact statements c. legislative documents d. legislative directives e. environmental directives

b. environmental impact statements

the ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is termed: a. ecology b. environmental sustainability c. natural balance d. synergism e. environmental science

b. environmental sustainability

the ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is termed: a. ecology b. environmental sustainability c. natural balance d. synergism e. environmental science

b. environmental sustainability

the potential ecological niche of an organism is its ________, while the niche an organism actually occupies is its _______ a. realized niche, fundamental niche b. fundamental niche, realized niche c. kinetic niche, latent niche d. genuine niche, probable niche e. competitive niche, passive niche

b. fundamental niche, realized niche

Designing and constructing buildings that are energy efficient, economical, and made of recycled materials, is a trend called: a. friendly construction b. green architecture c. environmental building d. passive design e. ecology construction

b. green architecture

which of the following is not rue of highly developed countries? a. a list would include Japan, Australia, and Germany b. have high fertility rates c. have very low infant mortality rates d. have longer life expectancies than less developed countries e. have low rates of population growth

b. have high fertility rates

the rain shadow effect a. inundates the leeward side of a mountain range with precipitation b. inundates the windward side of a mountain range with precipitation c. kills flora on the cloud-covered leeward side of a mountain range d. produces soil erosion on the leeward side of a mountain range e. none of the above

b. inundates the windward side of a mountain range with precipitation

a keystone species fills a niche that is a. most abundant b. most irreplaceable c. most resilient d. most irrelevant e. none of the above

b. most irreplaceable

what are the three kinds of symbiosis? a. warming colors, mutualism, and cannibalism b. mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism c. competition, predation, and coevolution d. epiphytes, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes e. none of these

b. mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism

predation can be defined as: a. two or more individuals attempting to use an essential common resource b. one organism consuming another organism, which may be a plant or animal c. organism living together d. a relationship. where one organism benefits members and the other is adversely affected e. a relationship that only exerts selective (evolutionary) force on the prey

b. one organism consuming another organism, which may be a plant or animal

a green campus is a(n)_____ campus a. discard and go b. reuse and recycle c. environmentally unfriendly d. naive and unsophisticated e. emerald and olive

b. refuse and recycle

the boreal forest is located _____ of the tundra a. north b. south c. east d. west e. in conjunction

b. south

Temperatures increase with increasing altitude in the: a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. mesosphere d. troposphere and mesosphere e. none of these

b. stratosphere

which layer of the atmosphere contained the ozone layer? a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. mesosphere d. thermosphere e. ionosphere

b. stratosphere

which of the following terms encompasses all of the other terms? a. parasitism b. symbiosis c. commensalism d. mutualism e. co-evolution

b. symbiosis

the biomes known for supporting herds of grazing animals are: a. temperate grassland and temperate deciduous forest b. temperate grassland and savanna c. temperate deciduous forest and boreal forest d. boreal forest and temperate grassland e. savanna and tropical rain forest

b. temperate grassland and savanna

weather phenomena occurs primarily in the: a. ionosphere b. troposphere c. mesosphere d. mesopause e. thermosphere

b. troposphere

weather refers to the short-term conditions in the ________ at a particular time and place: a. lithosphere b. troposphere c. stratosphere d. mesosphere e. ionosphere

b. troposphere

zero population growth is: a. when the death rate equals the growth rate b. when the birth rate equals the death rate c. when the birth rate equals the growth rate d. when the growth rate equals the declining rate e. when the birth rate plus the death rate equals zero

b. when the birth rate equal the death rate

which biome is mismatched with the statement that follows it? a. tropic rainforest- plants grow in layers: canopy, understory b. tundra: most fragile biome on this planet c. boreal forest: well suited for agriculture because of short growing season and mineral-poor soil d. tropical grassland: trees and grasses have fire-adapted features such as extensive underground root systems e. desert: plant cover is sparse and soil is low in organic material but high in mineral content

boreal forest: well suited for agriculture because of short growing season and mineral- poor soil

which of the following represent the two regions of the world with the greatest food insecurity? a. Sub-Saharan Africa and South America b. Central and South America c. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa d. South Asia and South America e. Central America and South Asia

c. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

what forms on the leeward side of a mountain range as a moist air mass moves over? a. a tropic rainforest b. a humid subtropical forest c. a rain shadow desert d. a temperate rain forest e. none of the above

c. a rain shadow forest

keystone species: a. are only found in aquatic habitats b. are always found at the top of the food chain c. are usually not the most abundant species in the ecosystem d. are vital to the soil balance of an entire ecosystem e. are typically symbolic

c. are usually not the most abundant species in the ecosystem

the maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period assuming there are no changes in the environment is called its a. environmental resistance b. intrinsic rate of increase c. carrying capacity d. sustainability e. demography

c. carrying capacity

which of the following biomes is not known for its wood and lumber production? a. temperate rain forest b. taiga c. chaparral d. temperate deciduous forest e. tropical rain forest

c. chaparral

an improving socioeconomic condition of a country is generally correlated with: a. increased birth rate and increased population growth rate b. increased death rate and decreed population growth rate c. decreased birth rate and increased population growth rate d. decreased birth rate and decreased population growth rate e, decreased death rate and increased population growth rate

c. decreased birth rate and increased population growth rate

the first law of thermodynamics states that: a. energy can be created or destroyed by physical processes b. entropy always increases c. energy cannot be created or destroyed d. the organization of the universe is steadily increasing e. energy transfer between organisms is inefficient and much energy is lost

c. energy cannot be created or destroyed

individuals within a population each have a unique combination of traits due to: a. overproduction b. evolution c. genetic variation d. differential reproductive success e. natural selection

c. genetic variation

deciduous forests: a. have very little precipitation b. have very weak topsoil c. have trees that shed their leaves seasonally d. are not useful commercially e. are not found in the US

c. have trees that shed their leaves seasonally

which of the following statements reflects the western worldview? a. all organisms are interdependent b. nature should be preserved, not used c. humans have the right to modify the environment to benefit their wellbeing and high standard of living d. humans and all other species have an equal worth e. humans have no right to reduce diversity of life forms except to satisfy vital needs

c. humans have the right to modify the environment to benefit their wellbeing and high standard of living

which of the following characterizes both the savanna and the chaparral? a. periodic fires b. extensive stands of trees c. large herds of herbivorous mammals d. soils with high mineral content e. moist summers and dry winters

c. large herds of herbivorous mammals

which of the following is not a biome? a. boreal forest b. desert c. mangrove forest d. savanna e. tundra

c. mangrove forest

which of the following statements concerning urbanization is NOT correct? a. urban and rural areas often have different proportions of males and females b. to urban ecologists technology refers to human interventions that directly affect the urban environment c. most workers in cities in the United States have to commute only one or two miles from home to work d. growing urban areas impact the land-use patterns and water damage and water drainage e. factories and commercial enterprises in urban areas cause a build up of airborne emissions

c. most workers in cities in the United States have to commute only one or two miles from home to work

the relationship exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another is known as: a. commensalism b. parasitism c. mutualism d. predation e. competition

c. mutualism

this can be defined as something we take from the environment: a. natural capital b. natural services c. natural resources d. none of the above

c. natural resources

the relationship between a human and a mosquito is an example of: a. mutualistic b. commensual c. parasitic d. predator-prey e. symbiotic

c. parasitic

which kind of the following statements about population ecology is true? a. population ecology only deals with declining populations that are in need of intervention in order to survive b. population ecology focuses on individuals and their interactions, but not the abiotic environment c. population ecology attempts to explain how and why the number of individuals changes over time d. population ecology is not important to scientists in applied disciplines, such as wildlife management e. population ecology deals with organisms in nature, but cannot be applied to the study of human population

c. population ecology attempts to explain how and why the number of individuals changes over time

the deepest zone in a large lake, below where the sunlight penetrates, is the: a. limnteic zone b. littoral zone c. profundal zone d. benthic zone e. intertidal zone

c. profundal zone

all of the following are components of the hydrosphere except: a. sea ice b. tropical rainstorms c. soil d. hail e. rivers

c. soil

which of the following is not a product or cellular respiration? a. carbon dioxide b. water c. sugar d. energy e. carbon dioxide and sugar

c. sugar

the biome most suitable for the development of farmland is: a. taiga b. tropic rainforest c. temperate grassland d. chaparral e. tundra

c. temperate grassland

population density is: a. the total number of individuals b. the total number of individuals of a given species c. the total number of individuals per unit of area d. the total number of individuals of a given species per unit of area e. the total number of individuals of a given species per unit area at a given time

c. the total number of individuals of area

which of the following exhibits a direct relationship between altitude and temperature? a. exosphere and lower stratosphere b. mesosphere and lower stratosphere c. thermosphere and upper stratosphere d thermosphere and exosphere e. troposphere and upper stratosphere

c. thermosphere and upper stratosphere

the biome with high amounts of precipitation, large narrow-leaved evergreen trees, and epiphytes including lichens is the: a. taiga b. temperate deciduous forest c. tropical rain forest d. boreal forest e. temperate rain forest

c. tropical rain forest

effects of El Niño in the eastern Pacific include all of the following EXCEPT: a. increased ocean surface temperatures b. reversal of ocean currents c. upswells along the coast d. decline in marine populations along the coast e. unusually dry weather in coastal areas

c. upswells along the coast

flowing-water ecosystems, especially headwater streams, receive most of their energy from: a. light b. water c. wind d. organic detritus e. minerals

c. wind

an ecosystem can be characterized as: a. populations + community b. all species, population, and community interactions for organisms in a given area c. the abiotic components of the environment d. all of the biological interactions, plus interactions with the abiotic environment, in a given area e. interactions between physical processes and the abiotic environment

d. all the biological interactions, plus interactions with the abiotic environment

an anglerfish possesses a luminescent lure close to its mouth to attract prey. this is an example of what type of predator behavior a. symbiosis b. competition c. pursuit d. ambush e. warming coloration

d. ambush

small plants attaching to the bark of larger trees benefit from the position on the tree, receiving necessary water and sunlight while giving the tree neither help nor harm. This is an example of: a. environmental stressors b. mycorrhizae c. habitat fragmentation d. commensalism e. none of these

d. commensalism

The tallgrass prairie is currently the rarest biome in North America due to: a. rampant urbanization b. recent climate change c. industrial pollution d. conversion to agriculture e. industrial pollution and the conversion to agriculture

d. conversion to agriculture

an organism's role or lifestyle, within the structure of an ecosystem is its: a. habitat b. trophic level c. symbiotic relationship d. ecological niche e. limiting resource

d. ecological niche

which of the following is NOT a cause of environmental problems: a. population growth b. wasteful and unsustainable resource use c. poverty d. failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in market prices

d. failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in market prices

which of the following is not a source of human impact on the aquatic environment? a. costal development, both residential and industrial b. global warming c. trash d. increased level of O2 e. chemical pollution from pesticides, heavy metals, and synthetic chemicals

d. increased level of O2

the crust of our planet that is made up of rock and soil is known as the: a. hydrosphere b. ecosphere c. biosphere d. lithosphere e. atmosphere

d. lithosphere

which of the following does not apply to the tundra biome? a. few species are found b. harsh winters and short summers c. the biome is dominated by mosses, lichens, sedges and grasses d. no permafrost e. tundra plants seldom grow taller than 30 cm (12 in)

d. no permafrost

the chemical energy stored in a plant is an example of: a. kinetic energy b. nuclear energy c. solar energy d. potential energy e. radiant energy

d. potential energy

which of the following abiotic factors does not typically biome structure? a. elevation b. wildfires c. droughts d. salinity e. floods

d. salinity

the change in species composition that takes place after a forest fire is referred to as a. a climax community b. a pioneer community c. primary succession d. secondary succession e. tertiary succession

d. secondary secession

in the pyramid of biomass, the tropic level of which organism would have the LEAST BIOMASS? grass, is eaten by grasshoppers, which are eaten by toads, which are eaten by snakes a. grass b. grasshoppers c. toads d. snakes e. none of these choices

d. snakes

a patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities that contain a low population density is considered: a. smart growth b. sustainable development c. green architecture d. suburban sprawl e. compact development

d. suburban sprawl

Wetlands are important for all of the following reasons except: a. they support high species diversity b. they reduce flooding by slowing the velocity of runoff water c. they help recharge groundwater aquifers d. they contribute to asymmetry in urban communities e. they sometimes detoxify substances in the water

d. they contribute to asymmetry in urban communities

which of the following biomes has the highest biodiversity? a. temperate deciduous forest b. savanna c. taiga d. tropical rain forest e. tropical desert

d. tropical rain forest

which of the following does not apply to a biome? a. level of ecological organization above ecosystem b. boundaries are determined by climate barriers c. near poles temperature overrides climate d. usually confined to a relatively small geographical area e. in tropical and temperate regions precipitation is more then temperature

d. usually confined to a relatively small geographical area

the mechanism of natural selection involves all of the following except: a. overproduction within a species b. limits on population growth c. genetic variation d. differential reproductive success e. a stable community structure

e. a stable community structure

a brownfield is an urban area of: a. vacant house lots that are overgrown with weeds and vegetation b. parking lot pavement that collects heat during the day and emits heat at night c. meadows that are earmarked for industrial development d. sports arenas for baseball, football, and soccer e. abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses and residential sites that may be contaminated from past uses

e. abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses and residential sites that may be contaminated from past uses

What activity/activities contribute(s) to making the human species the most significant agent of environmental change on Earth? a. continued population growth b. consuming non-renewable resources c. eradicating unique species d. ignoring the environment e. all of these

e. all of these

environmental sustainability implies: a. the actions of humans directly impacting the well being of the natural environment b. future generations will have the resources necessary for quality of life c. shared global responsibility for conservation practices d. the environment can function indefinitely without going int a decline from the stresses imposed by human society on natural systems e. all of these

e. all of these

potentially, world hunger could be eliminated by: a. improved food distribution b. promotion of economic development c. increased family planning education d. elimination of poverty e. all of these

e. all of these

the biotic environment includes a variety of components including: a. saprotrophs b. protozoa c. primary producers d. decomposers e. all of these

e. all of these

the human population is increasing because of: a. medical advances b. agricultural advances c. sanitation practices d. improved water quality e. all of these

e. all of these

the sun's energy provides earth with: a. fossil fuels b. energy-rich carbon compounds c. patterns of temperature and precipitation d. liquid water e. all of these

e. all of these

which of the following characterizes a symbiotic relationship? a. a close interrelationship where both species benefit b. a close interrelationship where one species benefits and the other is not affected c. a close interrelationship where one species benefits and the other is adversely affected d. an intimate relationship between members of two or more species e. all of these

e. all of these

which of the following organisms are capable of cellular respiration? a. green plants b. bacteria c. carnivores d. algae e. all of these

e. all of these

wildfires: a. are not always damaging for natural environments b. release nutrient minerals that were locked in dry organic material c. can have an increased negative effect from the efforts to prevent them d. are increasing due to climate change e. all of there

e. all of these

which of the following surfaces has the lowest albedo? a. ocean b. forest c. sand d. grass e. asphalt

e. asphalt

hot summers and cold winters, topsoil rich in organic material, annual precipitation of 75 to 125 cm and many hardwood trees are characteristics of the: a. temperate deciduous forest b. temperate grassland c. temperate rainforest d. boreal forest e. chaparral

e. chaparral

the interdiciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment is termed: a. ecology b. sociality c. political science d. risk analysis e. environmental science

e. environmental science

the interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment is termed: a. ecology b. sociology c. political science d. risk analysis e. environmental science

e. environmental science

which of the following human impacts is mismatched with the detrimental effect it has had on a biome? a. oil and natural gas exploration : long-lasting injury due to slow regeneration of the tundra b. mining, drilling, for gas and oil and farming : loss of boreal forest (deforestation) c. over harvesting of old growth forest: loss of temperate rain forest habitat for endangered and threatened species d. off-road vehicle damage and military exercises: erosion and loss of vegetation in the desert e. hunting and fishing: desertification of the savanna, tropical grasslands

e. hunting and fishing: desertification of the savanna, tropical grasslands

chaparral biomes occur: a. only in the immediate area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea b. in regions with low levels of annual precipitation c. in areas with very fertile soil and a deep topsoil layer d. in areas where fires are almost nonexistent e. in regions around the globe with mild, rainy winters, followed by hot, dry summers

e. in regions around the globe with mild, rainy winters, followed by hot, dry summers

over the past several years the world growth rate has: a. increased b. decreased c. stayed the same d. doubled e. increased exponentially

e. increased exponentially

in order for a parasite to be successful, it must: a. live outside its host's body b. live inside the hosts body c. do not harm to the hosts organism d. kill the host organism e. keep its host alive

e. keep its host alive

ecosystem services supported by the estuarine environment include all of the following except: a. biological habitat b. trapping pollution c. groundwater supply d. storm buffering e. marinas

e. marinas

light is the energy source for which process? a. respiration b. glycolysis c. mitochondria d. chemosynthesis e. none of these

e. none of these

all of the following would contribute to natural capital, except: a. groundwater b. soil c. clean air d. mineral resources e. none of these, all are natural capital

e. none of these, all are natural capital

the second most abundant element in the troposphere is: a. iron b. chlorine c. aluminum d. nitrogen e. oxygen

e. oxygen

free-floating aquatic organisms are known as: a. benthos b. nekton c. pelagic inhabitants d. zooxanthellae e. plankton

e. plankton

which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by ecologists? a. population > ecosystem > community b. species > community > abiotic factors c. species > ecosystem > population d. population > community > biotic factors e. population > community > ecosystem

e. population > community > ecosystem

define environmental sustainability and name three principals of sustainability

the capacity of the earths natural systems and human cultural systems to survive, flourish, and adapt principles: chemical cycling, biodiversity, solar energy reliance