AP EURO
A Parisian Salon
In which area would women most likely be to participate in discussion of Enlightenment ideas or science? -Louis XIV's Versailles -A Parisian salon -country estates in Poland -villages on the fringes of large towns
a philosophe
Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue-drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue-pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue-believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. What is the most likely source of this excerpt? -an astronomer -an absolutist monarch -a mercantilist -a philosophe
was the first successful slave revolt in modern history
The Haitian revolt is significant primarily because it -was the first successful slave revolt in modern history -Employed unorthodox, guerrilla tactics without period firearms -Resulted in Haitians allying with GB and Spain vs France -Demonstrated slave rebellions could never succeed without external support
It helped generate an anti-French, pro-German nationalism
The cartoon explicitly shows Napoleon placing rulers of Wurttemburg, Bavaria, and Saxony in the "New French Oven for Imperial Gingerbread." What was one consequence of this caricatured practice in the German States? -It helped generate an anti-French, pro-German nationalism -Napoleon built an efficient and loyal bureaucracy within the new "Confederation of the Rhine" -Napoleon was criticized in France for neglecting domestic reforms in favor of foreign intrigue -It produced concerns in Italy that Napoleon gave favored treatment to German states
establishment of sugar plantations in north america
The event that most likely led to the process seen above was the? -Establishment of sugar plantations in north america -Decline of mercantilism -Protestant reformation -Development of absolutism in france
population shifts and growing commerce
The image represents changes in city life brought about by -Population shifts and growing commerce -Rules of the guild system -The end of serfdom -Monarchs controlling trade
English Civil War
The map below represents what important development in history? -English civil war -French wars of Religion -The thirty Years War -The Colombian Exchange
New interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) Martin Luther In my preceding pamphlet I had no occasion to condemn the peasants, because they promoted to yield to law and better instruction, as Christ also demands But before I can turn around, they go out and appeal to force, in spite of their promises, and rob and pillage and act like mad dogs... They practice mere devil's work, and it is the arch-devil himself who reigns at Muhlhausen, Thomas Munzer, indulging in nothing but robbery, murder, and bloodshed. Since those peasants allow themselves to be led astray and act differently from what they declared, I likewise must write differently concerning them; and first bring their sins before their eyes as God commands. Which of the following developments most likely explains the reason for the conflict that led to the production of the above document? -The refusal to accept protestant teachings -The belief that the Catholic Church was above all secular institutions -New interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice -The use of Jesuit teachings
The purpose of the Protestant Reformation
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) Martin Luther In my preceding pamphlet I had no occasion to condemn the peasants, because they promoted to yield to law and better instruction, as Christ also demands But before I can turn around, they go out and appeal to force, in spite of their promises, and rob and pillage and act like mad dogs... They practice mere devil's work, and it is the arch-devil himself who reigns at Muhlhausen, Thomas Munzer, indulging in nothing but robbery, murder, and bloodshed. Since those peasants allow themselves to be led astray and act differently from what they declared, I likewise must write differently concerning them; and first bring their sins before their eyes as God commands. The passage above represents a conflict over? -The purpose of the Protestant Reformation -The purpose of the Renaissance -The purpose of the Scientific Revolution -The purpose of European exploration
men involved in scientific revolution
Excerpt from Malleus Maleficarium (1486) Dominicans Heinrich Kramer & Jacob Sprenger Oneiromancy (witchcraft) may be practiced in two ways. The first is when a person uses dreams so that he may dip into the occult with the help of the revelation of devils with whom he has entered into an open pact. The second is when a man uses dreams for knowing the future. Witches, when they do not wish to be bodily transferred, but desire to see what their fellow-witches are doing, it is their practice to lie down and these things are revealed to in images. And if they seek to know some secret, they learn it in dreams from the devil, by reason of an open pact entered into with him. What groups would be most likely to dispute the views found in this document? -Protestant preachers -Catholic authorities -European monarchs -Men involved in the scientific revolution
Its location was sufficiently distant from paris to offer security from nobles who threatened louis xiv during the Fronde
How did the location of the palace reflect concerns of the french monarchy? -It was suited near the coast as a physical representation of france's colonial empire -The palace was located in paris, which was then recognized as the cultural capital of europe -The palace was located at the geographical center of europe drawing on the representation of the "sun king: whose rays touched all france -Its location was sufficiently distant from paris to offer security from nobles who threatened louis xiv during the Fronde
Lorenzo de' Medici
I, Catherine Zell, wife of the late Matthew Zell, wish you God's peace. Since I was ten I have been a student of the church. I have frequented the company of learned men, conversed with them about god. While other women decorated themselves, going to dances and giving themselves to pleasure, I went into the houses of the poor to care for the sick. Consider the ANabaptists, who are so persecuted must authorities but incited against them, they acknowledge the Lord in much the same way we do? Just because they cannot agree with us on lesser things, is this reason to persecute them? Governments may punish, but they should not govern belief. Matthew Zell would not have approved Which of the following best reflects the movement that led to this religious reform? -Lorenzo de' Medici -Erasmus -Machiavelli -Philip II
John Calvin
I, Catherine Zell, wife of the late Matthew Zell, wish you God's peace. Since I was ten I have been a student of the church. I have frequented the company of learned men, conversed with them about god. While other women decorated themselves, going to dances and giving themselves to pleasure, I went into the houses of the poor to care for the sick. Consider the ANabaptists, who are so persecuted must authorities but incited against them, they acknowledge the Lord in much the same way we do? Just because they cannot agree with us on lesser things, is this reason to persecute them? Governments may punish, but they should not govern belief. Matthew Zell would not have approved Which of the following leaders might have agreed with Catherine Zell's views on this issue? -Henry VIII -Charles V -John Calvin -Ignatius Loyola
claim a legacy with ancient Rome
In claiming the title "First Consul" in 1799 and then "Emperor of the French" in 1801 as he appears in the image, Napoleon sought primarily to -usurp the power of the Pope -claim a legacy with ancient Rome -govern without the endorsement of the people -overturn all the changes brought by the Revolution
spain
In which country did the Napoleonic policy of making everything French encounter the greatest difficulty? -Spain -Germany -Italy -Austria
Spain
In which country did the Napoleonic policy this cartoon critiques encounter the greatest difficulty? -Spain -Italy -Germany -Austria
France
Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue-drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue-pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue-believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. Which country would you most likely find restrictions on freedom such as those being described in the passage? -England -Netherlands -Prussia -France
deductive reasoning
Rene was best known for his contributions to? -The heliocentric theory -Geocentric theory -deductive reasoning -anatomy
show the importance of marat as a martyr
The artist of this painting would most likely choose to depict Marat this way to -Show the importance of Louis XVI as king -Show the importance of Marat as a martyr -Show the excesses of the Revolution -Demonstrate the need for traditional authority
Protestant Reformation
The event most likely responsible for the above map was the? -Protestant Reformation -Scientific Revolution -English Civil War -Catholic Reformation
the demographic catastrophe of indigenous peoples in americas
The event that most likely led to the establishment of the plantation economy seen in the picture was? -The demographic catastrophe of indigenous peoples in the americas -The portuguese established a commercial network along the african coast -Protestant reformation caused many catholics to flee europe -Development of absolutism in france caused many protestants to flee france
exploration of overseas territories by the Europeans
The event that most likely led to the process seen below was the? -exploration of overseas territories by the Europeans -rise of constitutionalism in the major powers of Europe -beginning of the Wars of Religion in Europe -development of absolutism in Russia
Establishing the Napoleonic Code and abolishing local hereditary social distinctions
The map suggests that Napoleon military successes contributed to what other Napoleonic accomplishment? -Dampening local nationalism in favor of pro-French sentiment -Crushing the British economy through his "Continental System" -Establishing the Napoleonic Code and abolishing local hereditary social distinctions -Establishment of Roman Catholicism as the official state religion across most of Europe
women of all classes were involved in revolutionary activity
This event, the Women's march to Versailles in October, 1789, illustrates that -women of all classes were involved in revolutionary activity -Women were responsible for the execution of the king and his family -Versailles was seen as a symbol of oppression and isolation of the king from his people -Women had no role in the French revolution
new ideas in science
This is tied to what most important development? -new ideas in science -new ideas in religion -new ideas about government -new ideas about exploration
Catholic, Calvinist
This massacre resulted from tensions between the ________ French monarchy and the ______ French nobility? -Catholic, Lutheran -Anglican, Catholic -Catholic, Calvinist -Catholic, Jewish
The human centered nationalism that developed during the Renaissance.
This painting is an example of? -The human centered nationalism that developed during the Renaissance -The Baroque art that developed during the time of absolutism -The plain art of the Protestant Reformation -The art of the High Middle Ages
scholasticism
This was not that important in the development of ideas that went against tradition -observation -Scholasticism -Experimentation -Mathematics
Indigenous peoples of Latin America
Using the chart and your knowledge which of the following groups would have been the most negatively affected by the process? -Serfs -Peninsulares and Creoles in Latin America -Indigenous peoples of Latin America -European nobility
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Voltaire, "Poem on the Libson Disaster, or: an Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! Which enlightenment era thinker would have most likely disagreed with Voltaire's poem? -Immanuel Kent -Denis Diderot -Jean-Jacques Rousseau -Baron de Montesquieu
His concordat with the pope reestablished the Church in France while he governed as a French King would have
What evidence have many historians cited to support Napoleon's dual role in the French Revolution? -His concordat with the Pope reestablished the Church in France while he governed as a French King would have -He ruled France without a Constitution, but maintained freedom of the press -He waged war more aggressively than Louis XIV but left France smaller and weaker that it had ever been under the Bourbons -He established a legal system a codified the abolition of class privileges and gave women equal status with men
Heroic and nationalistic action was being fulfilled
What impression was the artist trying to create in this portrayal of an early event in the French Revolution? -Heroic and nationalistic action was being fulfilled -The actions being taken defied the natural course of events and thus threatened divine retribution -Peasant masses were the most influential component of the French Revolution -Only a violent revolution could affect permanent change in 18th century France
Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at least in part on slavery
What irony accompanied the dissemination of enlightenment thought during the 18th century? -even in the most literate area, enlightenment ideas only rarely circulated among nobles -although enlightenment centers were more commonly in the west, popular culture in eastern Europe more often embraced the substance of "enlightened thought" -Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at least in part on slavery -increased contact with the world beyond Europe did little to impact European understanding of non-European cultures
Louis XIV
Which european political figure would express the greatest approval for the palace of versailles? -Louis XIV -Philip II -Elizabeth I -Oliver Cromwell
The development of protestant religious groups
Which of the following might have resulted from the invention of the printing press? -The development of absolutism in Europe -The emergence of scientific revolution -The emergence of polytheism in eastern europe -The development of protestant religious groups
Mercantilists
Which of the following would have been most likely to argue against this concept of the importance of the land? -Mercantilists -Physiocrats -Salons -Adam Smith
Parliament
Based on the map below and your knowledge which side emerged victorious in this conflict? -The King -France -Parliament -The Spanish
the work represents the emerging scientific revolution
How does the painting reflect the place and time it was produced? -it illustrates the inadequate knowledge of sanitation during surgical procedures -the work reflects the importance of religious belief and superstition in determining medical practice -the work represents the emerging scientific revolution -it illustrates how aristocracy dominated life and only nobles were permitted to observe autopsies
Russia
In which of the following areas would be LEAST likely to find similar scenes? -England -The Netherlands -Russia -Spain
Placed the King and royal family within the reach of Parisian mo
The Women's March to Versailles was significant in the course of the French Revolution because it -Resulted in the passage of a women's suffrage bill -Resulted directly in the death of the king and his family -Placed the King and royal family within the reach of Parisian mobs -Showed that most women liked Marie Antoinette and the royal family
Napoleon's strategic and tactical genius
The map indicates that Napoleon's greatness as a leader rested in part on -France's naval superiority -Napoleon's strategic and tactical genius -The economic dependency of most of Europe on French goods -France's relative location from most of her enemies
Coffeehouses and salons
Where would discussion of enlightenment era ideas most likely be found? -churches in Italy -Coffeehouses and salons -country estates in Poland -villages on the fringes of large towns
mercantilism
Which of the economic principles was the most likely to have been the reason for the process seen on the map? -Serfdom -Mercantilism -Capitalism -Socialism
experimentation and the use of mathematics
Which of the following resulted from his work (Francis Bacon)? -The development of alchemy and astrology -The emergence of the humoral theory of the body and diesease -The acceptance of the geocentric theory by church authorities -experimentation and the use of mathematics
ptolemy
Which of the following would be against ideas that went against traditional teaching -Galileo -Copernicus -Ptolemy -Newton
John Calvin
Which of the following would be the most likely to agree with the spread of Huguenot holdings in France? -Martin Luther -Louis XIV -Charles V -John Calvin
galen
Which of the following would least likely agree with the findings of both the men used -Newton -Galen -Copernicus -Galileo
The Netherlands
Cromwell Abolishes the English Monarchy (1651) Whereas Charles Stuart is hereby declared to be justly condemned, and put to death, it is enacted ordained, and declared, by this Parliament that all the people of England and Ireland are discharged of all fealty, homage, and allegiance... And whereas it hath been found by experience that the office of a king in this nation and Ireland is unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous to the liberty, safety, and public interest of the people; be it therefore enacted and ordained by this present Parliament that the office of a king in this nation shall not be exercised by any one single person; and that not one person shall have or hold the office, power, or authority of king... In which of the following European countries would you most likely find a similar viewpoint? -The Netherlands -France -Spain -Russia
Secularism and Individualism
Finally, the Great Artisan mandated that this creature who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and said to him "Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever from you yourself choose. All other things have a limited and fixed nature. We have Made you so that with free choice you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life and to you is granted the power to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine." "Oration on the Dignity of Man" Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, 15th century Values that were important to Mirandola and others like him included? -Secularism and individualism -Nationalism and liberalism -Alchemy and astrology -Pantheism and atheism
claim a legacy with ancient rome
In claiming the title of First Consul in 1799 and then "Emperor of the French" in 1801 as he appears in the image, Napoleon sought primarily to -Usurp the power of the pope -Claim a legacy with ancient Rome -Govern without the endorsement of the people -Overturn all the changes of the Revolution
William Harvey
Other than the artist, what European is most relevant to the scene depicted here? -William Harvey -Rene Descartes -Isaac Newton -Voltaire
was the first successful slave revolt in modern history
The Haitian revolt is significant primarily because it -was the first successful slave revolt in modern history -employed unorthodox, guerilla tactics without period firearms -resulted in Haitians allying themselves with Great Britain and Spain against France -demonstrated that slave rebellions could never succeed without external support
the diffusion of French notations of "liberty and equality" emanating from the revolution in France
The Haitian slave revolt of 1791 was a manifestation of -Agitation by slaves shipped there from the US after the American revolution -A military expedition led by Napoleon to establish a new World Empire -The diffusion of French notations of "liberty and equality" emanating from the revolution in France -The collapse of sugar crop which was the mainstay of the colony's economy
The diffusion of French notions of "liberty and equality" emanating from the revolution in France
The Haitian slave revolt of 1791 was a manifestation of -agitation by slaves shipped there from the United States after the American Revolution -A military expedition led by Napoleon to establish a "new" New World empire -The diffusion of French notions of "liberty and equality" emanating from the revolution in France -The collapse of the sugar crop which was the mainstay of the colony's economy
Was a result of the diplomatic "revolution" that aligned Great Britain with Prussia and Austria
The Seven Years' War was important in the European balance of power because it -Reaffirmed France as the main power of Europe -Resulted in the merger of the French and Spanish monarchies -Allowed Great Britain to dominate India and France to dominate the interior of North America -Was a result of the diplomatic "revolution" that aligned Great Britain with Prussia and Austria
The French Wars of Religion
The event depicted above began which of the following? - French wars of religion - the Protestant Reformation - the Renaissance - the Age of Exploration
sans culottes
The group that would most likely disapprove of Marat's murder are the -Jacobins -Sans culottes -Girondists -Loyalists
Sans culottes
The group that would most likely disapprove of Marat's murder are the -Jacobins -Sans culottes -Girondists -Royalists
Spreading the Renaissance beyond Italy
The invention of the printing press that lead to the above picture aided in? -Spreading the Renaissance beyond Italy -Halting the rise of the Reformation -Beginning the artistic period known as mannerism -Exploring overseas colonies
abolishing the local hereditary social distinctions and establishing the Napoleonic code
The map suggests that Napoleon's military successes contributed to what other Napoleonic accomplishment? -Dampening local nationalism in favor of pro-French sentiment -Crushing the british economy through his continental system -Abolishing local hereditary social distinctions and establishing the Napoleonic code -Establishment of Catholicism as the official state religion across of most of Europe
New ideas in religion
The picture below is tied to what important historical concept? -New ideas in religion -New ideas in science -New ideas about government
The development of new agricultural techniques
Which of the following led to the greatest change for peasants like those pictured? -The development of absolutism in Europe -The great plague -The emergence of scientific socialism -The development of new agricultural techniques
lower class women
Excerpt from Malleus Maleficarium (1486) Dominicans Heinrich Kramer & Jacob Sprenger Oneiromancy (witchcraft) may be practiced in two ways. The first is when a person uses dreams so that he may dip into the occult with the help of the revelation of devils with whom he has entered into an open pact. The second is when a man uses dreams for knowing the future. Witches, when they do not wish to be bodily transferred, but desire to see what their fellow-witches are doing, it is their practice to lie down and these things are revealed to in images. And if they seek to know some secret, they learn it in dreams from the devil, by reason of an open pact entered into with him. Which of the following would have been most opposed to this interpretation? -Catholic authorities -National monarchies -lower class women -Protestant leaders
The Thirty Years War
The event depicted that led to the map below was? -The Thirty Years War -The Protestant Reformation -The English Civil War -The Colombian Exchange
Government is a consequence of the desire by men for security in an insecure world
The image is best represented by which statement? -Society is founded on a set of laws inherent in biblical scripture and tradition -Government is a consequence of the desire by men for security in an insecure world -Political authority of rulers is derived from a higher authority than the merely mortal -The social and political relationships among men and nations are governed only by village-level class understandings
it is not a religiously themed work
As a work of art, in what way is the painting in contrast with the predominant Baroque style of the era? -it is not a religiously themed work -it lacks the detail and depiction of light characteristics of baroque -the dress of the individuals in the work is outside the baroque time period -baroque works often celebrated the role of women all the images in this work are male
The HRE during the Age of Religious Wars
The Map below represents? -The HRE during the Age of Religious Wars -State building in the 15th century -The development of constitutionalism -The development of absolutism
The loss of German population during that time
The losses reflected on the map below refer to? -Catholic losses during that time. -The loss of Protestant princess during that time -The loss of German population during that time -The slaughter of Anabaptists during that time
The growth of vernacular literature
This invention greatly contributed to the growth of? -The visual arts of the Renaissance -The Scholastic Movement -The growth of vernacular literature -The Catholic Reformation
Russia
Which of the following countries was least likely to have been involved with the process on this map? -Spain -England -Russia -France
John Calvin
Which of the following leaders would most likely support a church such as the one in the picture? -HRE Charles V -Elizabeth I -John Calvin -Philip II of Spain
the sans culottes of Paris
"2. ...first, those who by their conduct, their connections, their remarks or their writings show themselves the partisans of tyranny or federalism and the enemies of liberty; ...fifth, those of the former nobles, all of the husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the emigres who have not constantly manifested their attachment to the revolution." The Law on Suspects, 1794 The main target of the Law on Suspects were -women desiring increased political participation -so-called "Girondists" or those who favored more authority in the departments (provinces) -the sans culottes of Paris -those supporting the creation of a republic
The "Reign of Terror"
"2. ...first, those who by their conduct, their connections, their remarks or their writings show themselves the partisans of tyranny or federalism and the enemies of liberty; ...fifth, those of the former nobles, all of the husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the emigres who have not constantly manifested their attachment to the revolution." The Law on Suspects, 1794 Which part of the French Revolution does the "Law of Suspects" originate? -The "Storming of the Bastille" -The "Great Fear" -The "Reign of Terror" - The "Thermidorian Reaction"
financial crisis, meeting of the Estates-General, Storming of the Bastille
1. The National Assembly completely abolishes the feudal regime. It decrees that, among the rights and dues...all those originating in real or personal serfdom, personal servitude, and those which represent them, are abolished without indemnification; all other are declared redeemable, and that the price and mode of redemption shall be fixed by the National Assembly... 2. The exclusive right to maintain unenclosed warrens is likewise abolished... 3. All manorial courts are suppressed without indemnification. 5. Tithes of every description and the dues which have been substituted for [them]...are abolished on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, the relief of the poor, repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for all establishments, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, communities, and other institutions, for the maintenance of which they are actually devoted... 6. The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be suppressed forthwith... 7. Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever... Decrees of August 4, 1789 What sequence of events preceded the Decrees of August 4, 1789? -financial crisis, meeting of the Estates-General, Storming of the Bastille -Meeting of the Estates-General, Storming of the Bastille, Flight to Varennes -The Great Fear, meeting of the Estates General, Women's March to Versailles -Storming of the Bastille, Women's March to Versailles, Flight to Varennes
The organization of French society into three distinct classes with special rights and privileges for the first two classes.
1. The National Assembly completely abolishes the feudal regime. It decrees that, among the rights and dues...all those originating in real or personal serfdom, personal servitude, and those which represent them, are abolished without indemnification; all other are declared redeemable, and that the price and mode of redemption shall be fixed by the National Assembly... 2. The exclusive right to maintain unenclosed warrens is likewise abolished... 3. All manorial courts are suppressed without indemnification. 5. Tithes of every description and the dues which have been substituted for [them]...are abolished on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, the relief of the poor, repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for all establishments, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, communities, and other institutions, for the maintenance of which they are actually devoted... 6. The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be suppressed forthwith... 7. Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever... Decrees of August 4, 1789 What was meant in the passage by "feudal regime"? -The continued practice of warfare between mounted knights and related chivalry and "courtly love". -The organization of French society into three distinct classes with special rights and privileges for the first two classes. -The system of agriculture in which land was divided evenly between peasant laborers and the three field system was in place. -The monopolizing of all land into the hands of an aristocratic elite with the remainder of the population reduced to serfdom and manual labor.
further celebrations of successes and martyrs during the Revolution
Additional paintings done by the same artist depicting that events between 1789 and 1795 would most likely represent -further celebrations of successes and martyrs during the Revolution -Both positive and negative aspects of the revolutionary struggles -A reverence for the past and a longing to return to pre-revolutionary tranquility -Demands for stronger action and violence to overturn monarchical expression
John Calvin
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) Martin Luther In my preceding pamphlet I had no occasion to condemn the peasants, because they promoted to yield to law and better instruction, as Christ also demands But before I can turn around, they go out and appeal to force, in spite of their promises, and rob and pillage and act like mad dogs... They practice mere devil's work, and it is the arch-devil himself who reigns at Muhlhausen, Thomas Munzer, indulging in nothing but robbery, murder, and bloodshed. Since those peasants allow themselves to be led astray and act differently from what they declared, I likewise must write differently concerning them; and first bring their sins before their eyes as God commands. Which protestant leader might well have disagreed with Luther on this issue? -Henry VIII -John Calvin -Mark Anthony -Alexander Reed
the competition for trade leading to rivalries among european powers
Based on the image and your knowledge, which of the following would be the most likely result of what is seen in the picture? -A period of cooperation among European powers as they settled in the new world -The domination of south america by england and france -The domination of north america by the spanish and portuguese -The competition for trade leading to rivalries among european powers
This lead to a unique situation where religious pluralism was allowed
Based on the map above and you knowledge which of the following is the most correct statement? -European monarchs were all in favor of the Protestant Reformation -European monarchs were all in favor of the Catholic Reformation -This led to a unique situation where religious pluralism was allowed -This led to a dramatic increase in religious toleration throughout europe
The failed efforts of Habsburg rulers to restore Catholic unity across Europe
Based on the map and your knowledge which of the following would be the most likely result of what is seen on the map? -the development of Absolutism in Europe -the domination of Europe by Protestants -the decline of France and the rise of the HRE -the failed efforts of the Hapsburg rulers to restore Catholic Unity across Europe
The failure by Habsburg rulers to restore Catholicism throughout Europe
Based on the map below and your knowledge which of the following best reflects the result of what is shown on the map? -The development of strong national religions -The development of National Monarchies in Western Europe -The failure by Habsburg rulers to restore Catholicism throughout Europe -The rise of feudal states in Eastern Europe
European states exploiting religious conflicts to promote their own political and economic interests contributed to the losses shown.
Based on your knowledge and the map below, which of the following statements is true? -The French Wars of Religion was responsible for the losses shown on the map. -The Colombian Exchange was partly responsible for the losses shown on this map. -Wars by monarchs to put down rebellions by feudal nobles contributed to the losses shown -European states exploiting religious conflicts to promote their own political and economic interests contributed to the losses shown.
Absolute monarchies
Cromwell Abolishes the English Monarchy (1651) Whereas Charles Stuart is hereby declared to be justly condemned, and put to death, it is enacted ordained, and declared, by this Parliament that all the people of England and Ireland are discharged of all fealty, homage, and allegiance... And whereas it hath been found by experience that the office of a king in this nation and Ireland is unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous to the liberty, safety, and public interest of the people; be it therefore enacted and ordained by this present Parliament that the office of a king in this nation shall not be exercised by any one single person; and that not one person shall have or hold the office, power, or authority of king... Opponents of the values that characterized the beliefs of Cromwell might well have supported what type of government? -Absolute Monarchies -Enlightened Monarchies -Theocracies -Democracies
John Calvin
Cromwell Abolishes the English Monarchy (1651) Whereas Charles Stuart is hereby declared to be justly condemned, and put to death, it is enacted ordained, and declared, by this Parliament that all the people of England and Ireland are discharged of all fealty, homage, and allegiance... And whereas it hath been found by experience that the office of a king in this nation and Ireland is unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous to the liberty, safety, and public interest of the people; be it therefore enacted and ordained by this present Parliament that the office of a king in this nation shall not be exercised by any one single person; and that not one person shall have or hold the office, power, or authority of king... Which of the following religious leaders would have been the most likely to share the views that Cromwell held towards the monarchy? -Martin Luther -Henry VIII -Jesuits -John Calvin
The anabaptists
DIALOGUE: JULIUS LOCKED OUT OF HEAVEN Persons Of The Dialogue: Pope Julius II, His Genius or Guardian Angel, and St. Peter Scene: Before the Gates of Heaven JULIUS: What's the trouble here? Won't the gates open? I believe the lock has changed, or else it is jammed. GENIUS: Better check to see if you've brought the right key. The one for the treasury won't open this door, you know. But why didn't you bring both keys? This is the key to power, not of knowledge. JULIUS: Why, Hell, this is the only one I've ever used! I've never seen what good the other one was when I've had this one. GENIUS: Me neither, certainly, except that meanwhile, we're locked out. JULIUS: I'm losing my temper. I'm going to beat on the gate. Hey there! Somebody open this door instantly! What's the matter, nobody here? What's holding up the doorman? Asleep, I suppose; probably drunk. GENIUS: (Aside) This fellow judges everyone but himself. PETER: It's a good thing we've got a steel door. Otherwise, whoever this is would break down the gates. It must be some giant, or satrap, some sacker of cities. Immortal God! What sewage is this I smell! Well, I certainly won't open the door. I'll just peek out this little barred window and see what kind of monster this is. What do you want? Who are you? JULIUS: If you knew your business, you would greet me with all the heavenly choirs. PETER: Rather demanding, isn't he? But first tell me who you are. Which of the following groups would be most likely to use the document to support their beliefs? -The Jesuit Order -The Anabaptists -Catholic Bishops -Niccolo Machiavelli
The Protestant Reformation
DIALOGUE: JULIUS LOCKED OUT OF HEAVEN Persons Of The Dialogue: Pope Julius II, His Genius or Guardian Angel, and St. Peter Scene: Before the Gates of Heaven JULIUS: What's the trouble here? Won't the gates open? I believe the lock has changed, or else it is jammed. GENIUS: Better check to see if you've brought the right key. The one for the treasury won't open this door, you know. But why didn't you bring both keys? This is the key to power, not of knowledge. JULIUS: Why, Hell, this is the only one I've ever used! I've never seen what good the other one was when I've had this one. GENIUS: Me neither, certainly, except that meanwhile, we're locked out. JULIUS: I'm losing my temper. I'm going to beat on the gate. Hey there! Somebody open this door instantly! What's the matter, nobody here? What's holding up the doorman? Asleep, I suppose; probably drunk. GENIUS: (Aside) This fellow judges everyone but himself. PETER: It's a good thing we've got a steel door. Otherwise, whoever this is would break down the gates. It must be some giant, or satrap, some sacker of cities. Immortal God! What sewage is this I smell! Well, I certainly won't open the door. I'll just peek out this little barred window and see what kind of monster this is. What do you want? Who are you? JULIUS: If you knew your business, you would greet me with all the heavenly choirs. PETER: Rather demanding, isn't he? But first tell me who you are. Based on the passage above and your knowledge, Christian humanism led most directly to which of the following? -The Catholic Reformation -Development of National Monarchies -The Protestant Reformation -The Thirty Years War
Religious reform
DIALOGUE: JULIUS LOCKED OUT OF HEAVEN Persons Of The Dialogue: Pope Julius II, His Genius or Guardian Angel, and St. Peter Scene: Before the Gates of Heaven JULIUS: What's the trouble here? Won't the gates open? I believe the lock has changed, or else it is jammed. GENIUS: Better check to see if you've brought the right key. The one for the treasury won't open this door, you know. But why didn't you bring both keys? This is the key to power, not of knowledge. JULIUS: Why, Hell, this is the only one I've ever used! I've never seen what good the other one was when I've had this one. GENIUS: Me neither, certainly, except that meanwhile, we're locked out. JULIUS: I'm losing my temper. I'm going to beat on the gate. Hey there! Somebody open this door instantly! What's the matter, nobody here? What's holding up the doorman? Asleep, I suppose; probably drunk. GENIUS: (Aside) This fellow judges everyone but himself. PETER: It's a good thing we've got a steel door. Otherwise, whoever this is would break down the gates. It must be some giant, or satrap, some sacker of cities. Immortal God! What sewage is this I smell! Well, I certainly won't open the door. I'll just peek out this little barred window and see what kind of monster this is. What do you want? Who are you? JULIUS: If you knew your business, you would greet me with all the heavenly choirs. PETER: Rather demanding, isn't he? But first tell me who you are. The passage above represents the employment of Renaissance learning in the service of? -Religious reform -State building -Civic humanism -Absolutism
new ideas in science
Descartes is tied to what important development? -new ideas in science -New ideas in religion -New ideas in government -New ideas about exploration
social and economic upheavel in europe
Excerpt from Malleus Maleficarium (1486) Dominicans Heinrich Kramer & Jacob Sprenger Oneiromancy (witchcraft) may be practiced in two ways. The first is when a person uses dreams so that he may dip into the occult with the help of the revelation of devils with whom he has entered into an open pact. The second is when a man uses dreams for knowing the future. Witches, when they do not wish to be bodily transferred, but desire to see what their fellow-witches are doing, it is their practice to lie down and these things are revealed to in images. And if they seek to know some secret, they learn it in dreams from the devil, by reason of an open pact entered into with him. When applied to late 16th and early 17th century it represents a continued reflection of? -social and economic upheaval in Europe -The necessity of European exploration -Continued debate over the role of scholasticism -Absolutism vs constitutionalism
Renaissance Humanism
Finally, the Great Artisan mandated that this creature who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and said to him "Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever from you yourself choose. All other things have a limited and fixed nature. We have Made you so that with free choice you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life and to you is granted the power to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine." "Oration on the Dignity of Man" Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, 15th century The passage above represents the shift in European thinking from relying totally on the teachings of Scholasticism to what type of thinking? -Deductive reasoning -Renaissance humanism -Inductive reasoning -Protestant teachings
The admiration of Greek and Roman ideals
Finally, the Great Artisan mandated that this creature who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and said to him "Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever from you yourself choose. All other things have a limited and fixed nature. We have Made you so that with free choice you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life and to you is granted the power to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine." "Oration on the Dignity of Man" Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, 15th century Which of the following developments most likely explains the reason for the production of documents such as the one above? -The practice of alchemy and witchcraft -The belief that the Catholic Church was above all secular institutions -The admiration of Greek and Roman ideals -The use of Scholasticism as the primary means of delivering instruction at the university level
Differing views on the Protestant Reformation
I, Catherine Zell, wife of the late Matthew Zell, wish you God's peace. Since I was ten I have been a student of the church. I have frequented the company of learned men, conversed with them about god. While other women decorated themselves, going to dances and giving themselves to pleasure, I went into the houses of the poor to care for the sick. Consider the ANabaptists, who are so persecuted must authorities but incited against them, they acknowledge the Lord in much the same way we do? Just because they cannot agree with us on lesser things, is this reason to persecute them? Governments may punish, but they should not govern belief. Matthew Zell would not have approved The passage above represents a conflict over? -Differing views on the Protestant Reformation -Differing views on the Renaissance -Differing views on the Scientific Revolution -Differing views on the development of nation-states
Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws
In consequence, the sex that is superior in beauty as in courage, needed in maternal sufferings, recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of woman and the citizens. 1. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. 6. The law should be the expression of the general will. All citizenesses and citizens should take part, in person or by their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for everyone. All citizenesses and citizens, being equal in its eyes, should be equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. Olympe de Gouge Declaration of the Rights of Women, September, 1791 De Gouge is referencing which earlier work of the Enlightenment? -Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws -Voltaire's Candide -Locke's Second Treatise of Government
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave radicals like de Gouge an opening to state their position.
In consequence, the sex that is superior in beauty as in courage, needed in maternal sufferings, recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of woman and the citizens. 1. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. 6. The law should be the expression of the general will. All citizenesses and citizens should take part, in person or by their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for everyone. All citizenesses and citizens, being equal in its eyes, should be equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. Olympe de Gouge Declaration of the Rights of Women, September, 1791 What events provided context for this assertion of women's rights in France? -The "Reign of Terror" had destroyed all semblance of traditional order in France -The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave radicals like de Gouge an opening to state their position. -The loosening of the traditions of the "Old Regime" by Louis XVI's symbolic donning of the revolutionary "tricolor" created anarchy -Robespierre's "Cult of the Supreme Being" undermined traditional gender roles, leading to radicalization such as de Gouge.
a Constitutional Monarchy
Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue-drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue-pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue-believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. A ruler who lived by the doctrine of "Argue as much as you please, by obey" would most likely be a practitioner of -a Constitutional Monarchy -an Absolute Monarchy -a Russian Czar -an Ottoman Sultan
demonstrate the wealth and power of the state
One of the principal uses of this style of interior decoration, also evident in the hall of mirrors at versailles was to? -Glorify military conquest -Demonstrate the wealth and power of the state -Glorify the protestant reformation -Illustrate that the sun had replace the earth as the center of the universe
leading nobles of france were required to reside there at least part of the year
Other than a royal residence, what other functions did the palace serve? -Meetings of the french parlements were there to limit power of the king -The estates-general convened there to limit the power of louis xiv -Leading nobles of france were required to reside there at least part of the year -It was frequently used as a staging area for "war games"
the heliocentric view of the cosmos
Resulted from work done by those who refused to accept tradition? -The development of alchemy and astrology -The geocentric view of the cosmos -The development of witchcraft -The heliocentric view of the cosmos
the king of england wanted to reestablish catholicism replacing angilicanism
The English Bill of Rights, 1689: "And thereupon the said lords and commoners declare: That the pretended power of suspending laws without consent of parliament is illegal That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal That the raising or keeping of a standing army unless it be with consent of parliament is illegal That election of members of parliament ought to be free That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel an unusual punishment inflicted And that for redness of all grievance and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliament ought to be held frequently Although often seen as a political document, the bill of rights was produced by religious factors as well. Which statement address the religious aspects of this development? -England had long been troubled by open warfare between protestants and catholics -The king of england wanted to reestablish catholicism replacing anglicanism -The catholic majority in england disliked the protestant king -The king of england made an alliance with strictly protestant phillip ii
The Netherlands
The English Bill of Rights, 1689: "And thereupon the said lords and commoners declare: That the pretended power of suspending laws without consent of parliament is illegal That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal That the raising or keeping of a standing army unless it be with consent of parliament is illegal That election of members of parliament ought to be free That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel an unusual punishment inflicted And that for redness of all grievance and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliament ought to be held frequently In what other 17th century European state existed a similar limitation on royal power? -France -Spain -Russia -Netherlands
The English Civil War
The English Bill of Rights, 1689: "And thereupon the said lords and commoners declare: That the pretended power of suspending laws without consent of parliament is illegal That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal That the raising or keeping of a standing army unless it be with consent of parliament is illegal That election of members of parliament ought to be free That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel an unusual punishment inflicted And that for redness of all grievance and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliament ought to be held frequently The development in england prior to 1689 was essential to the adoption of the bill of rights -The trial and execution of james ii -The english civil war -The wars of the roses -The establishment of the parliament's dominance during the reign of elizabeth
show the importance of Marat as a martyr
The artist of this painting would most likely choose to depict Marat this way to -show the importance of Louis XVI as King -show the importance of Marat as a martyr -show the excesses of the Revolution -demonstrate the need to restore traditional authority
it helped generate an anti-french, pro-german nationalism
The cartoon explicitly shows Napoleon placing the rulers of Wurttemberg, Bavaria, and Saxony in the "New French Oven for Imperial Gingerbread." What was one consequence of this practice in the German States? -It helped generate an anti-French, pro-German nationalism -Napoleon built an efficient and loyal bureaucracy with the new Confederation of the Rhine -Napoleon was criticized in France for neglecting domestic reforms in favor of foreign intrigue -It produced concerns in Italy that Napoleon would favor German states
This occurred more in Western Europe than in Eastern Europe
The edict of Nantes, 1598 We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored in all places and districts of our kingdom, so that it can be freely practiced there, without any disturbance or hindrance. We forbid all to disturb or cause annoyance to clerics in their celebration, the receipt of tithes, and other rights and duties which belong to them...We also forbid those of the so-called Reformed religion to hold prayer meetings in the houses and dwellings of the above-said clerics.... In order to leave any cause for disputes between our subjects, we permit those of the so-called Reformed religion to dwell in the towns and districts of our kingdom, without being molested or constrained to do anything against their conscience. Based on the passage above and your knowledge which of the following is the most correct statement? -This was common in Europe at the time -this occurred more in Western Europe than in Eastern Europe -this occurred more in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe -this led to a dramatic increase in religious toleration throughout Europe
Allowing religious pluralism in order to maintain peace
The edict of Nantes, 1598 We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored in all places and districts of our kingdom, so that it can be freely practiced there, without any disturbance or hindrance. We forbid all to disturb or cause annoyance to clerics in their celebration, the receipt of tithes, and other rights and duties which belong to them...We also forbid those of the so-called Reformed religion to hold prayer meetings in the houses and dwellings of the above-said clerics.... In order to leave any cause for disputes between our subjects, we permit those of the so-called Reformed religion to dwell in the towns and districts of our kingdom, without being molested or constrained to do anything against their conscience. The passage above represent? -allowing religious pluralism in order to maintain peace -state building in the 15th century -civic humanism in the 15th century -the development of absolutism
Elizabeth I
The edict of Nantes, 1598 We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored in all places and districts of our kingdom, so that it can be freely practiced there, without any disturbance or hindrance. We forbid all to disturb or cause annoyance to clerics in their celebration, the receipt of tithes, and other rights and duties which belong to them...We also forbid those of the so-called Reformed religion to hold prayer meetings in the houses and dwellings of the above-said clerics.... In order to leave any cause for disputes between our subjects, we permit those of the so-called Reformed religion to dwell in the towns and districts of our kingdom, without being molested or constrained to do anything against their conscience. Which of the following would be most likely to agree with the views represented in the document? -Phillip II -Henry VIII -John Calvin -Elizabeth I
napoleon's strategic and tactical genius
The map indicates that Napoleon's greatness as a leader rested in part on -France's naval superiority -Napoleon's strategic and tactical genius -The economic dependency of Europe on French goods -France's isolation from most of her enemies
An imperial ruler
The painting of Napoleon shown above portrays him as which of the following? -a chivalrous hero -a compassionate humanist -an imperial ruler -a ruthless military conqeuror
an imperial ruler
The painting of Napoleon shown portrays him as which of the following? -A chivalrous hero -A compassionate humanist -An imperial ruler -A ruthless military conqueror
by the means of agriculture
The painting represents the fact that most Western Europeans still lived -by the means of agriculture -According to the rules of the guild system -In serfdom -In large towns or cities
application of a scientific, materialistic, rather than spiritualistic understanding of life
The publication of this work by thomas hobbes, in 1651 reflected which of the following trends of the mid 17th century? -Increasing importance of religion as the dominant motive for political conflict and war -Rejection of the notion of "divine right" meaning royal authority was derived from a christian God -Application of a scientific and materialistic, rather than spiritualistic, understanding of life -Adoption of the premise that human nature was essentially good but, like rousseau found later, that human
Baroque
This architectural style, typically described as ornate and theatrical, is characteristic of -Baroque -Mannerism -High Renaissance -Romanticism
Patronage of princes and other wealthy individuals
This artist, along with others of the time were able to work and paint due to the? -Guild regulations in place at the time -Destruction of Constantinople and the need for new art -Patronage of princes and other wealthy individuals -Fact that they were all from wealthy families
"Encyclopedia"
Voltaire, "Poem on the Libson Disaster, or: an Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! Other than Voltaire's poem, what enlightenment era publication would have been most likely to include an account of the event? - "Spirit of the Laws" - "Reflections of the Revolution in France" - "Emile" - "Encyclopedia"
deism
Voltaire, "Poem on the Libson Disaster, or: an Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! Voltaire's reaction to this event has often been characterized as -deism -atheism -nihilism -anarchism
It was the greatest of European wars of the late 17th and early 18th centuries; could be classified as a world war
What claim about the Seven Years' War is correct? -The was involved only Great Britain and France -The war was fought exclusively between the New World and Asia -GB dominated the war on land while France dominated at sea -It was the greatest of European wars of the late 17th and early 18th centuries; could be classified as a world war
the enlightenment flourished mainly in western Europe
What conclusion about science and enlightenment is best supported by the map and your knowledge of European history? -major urban areas were unimportant during the enlightenment -national capital cities were the only places where scientific investigation flourished -the enlightenment flourished mainly in western Europe -although cities often houses universities, the advancement of science and enlightenment was actually pronounced in the less urban areas
His concordat with the pope reestablished the church in france while he governed as a french king would have
What evidence have many historians cited to support Napoleon's dual role in the French Revolution? -His Concordat with the Pope reestablished the Church in France while he governed and a French King would have -He ruled France without a constitution, but maintained freedom of the press -He waged war more aggressively than Louis XIV but left France smaller and weaker -He established a legal system that codified the abolition of class privilege and gave women equal rights
the encyclopedia strove to document innovations as well as publish articles by the philosophes
What is the best explanation for the image titled, "Agricultural techniques from Diderot's Encyclopedia"? -the encyclopedia emphasized that the life of French peasants was perfect -the importance of manual labor was a central reason for publication of the encyclopedia -the encyclopedia principally supported gender equality in pre-revolutionary France -the encyclopedia strove to document innovations as well as publish articles by the philosophes
Bread remained scarce and prices high during the summer and fall of 1789
What motivated women to march to Versailles in October, 1789? -They were demanding equality for women under the new constitution -Bread remained scarce and prices high during the summer and fall of 1789 -Troops were massing at Versailles as Louis XVI prepared to use force against the revolution -Louis XVI has issued an explicit order requiring confiscation of all weapons in Paris, prompting protest
radical Protestantism took root in Scotland while the more conservative Anglicanism was dominant in England
Which best explains the disparity between the data for England and Scotland? -England's greater wealth made prosecutions less likely there -Scotland was ravaged by religious warfare, while England had little internal conflict over religion -radical Protestantism took root in Scotland while the more conservative Anglicanism was dominant in England -Henry VIII's creation of the Anglican Church appeased reform-minded Christians and reduced the number of Protestant sects
areas with Christian populations had greater numbers of trials than areas with Muslim populations
Which generalization is supported by the data in the map? -accusations of witchcraft were more commonly made against women than men -areas with Christian populations had greater numbers of trials than areas with Muslim populations -Southern and eastern Europe saw more trials than did other parts of Europe -trails were more common in the more economically prosperous areas of Europe than in less wealthy areas
Russia
Which of the following areas would one be LEAST likely to find similar scene? -Netherlands -England -Russia -France
England
Which of the following countries competed with spain for control of central and south america? -England -Italy -Africa -Portugal
Poland
Which of the following countries was the least likely to have been involved in the process seen on the chart? -Portugal -England -Poland -Spain
States exploiting religious conflict to promote political and economic interests
Which of the following developments likely resulted from the map below? -the edict of Nantes allowing religious pluralism in France -states exploiting religious conflict to promote political and economic interests -conflict between the monarchy and nobility such as the French wars of religion -efforts by the monarchy such as Henry VIII to initiate religious reform
Leaders such as John Calvin
Which of the following groups most likely benefitted from the division of Habsburg power seen on the map? -Habsburg rulers -Spanish Protestants -Leaders such as John Calvin -The Holy Roman Empire
The population of Europe began to steadily increase in the mid eighteenth century
Which of the following led to population pressures such as the one reflected in the images? -The development of absolutism in Europe caused people to migrate to other countries -The little ice age decreased population -Emergence of scientific socialism shifted the balance of power -The population of Europe began to steadily increase in the mid eighteenth century
The development of constitutional government in England
Which of the following most likely resulted from the conflict shown on the map? -The development of absolutism in England -The development of constitutional government in the Netherlands -The French Revolution -The development of constitutional government in England
the failure of Protestantism to spread east reduced potential religious tensions often related to witchcraft accusations
Which of the following offers the most plausible explanation for the relative lack of prosecution in Russia? -the absolute power of the Czar aligned itself against superstition and notions of witchcraft -the failure of Protestantism to spread east reduced potential religious tensions often related to witchcraft accusations -the Russian Orthodox church officially endorsed witchcraft, making it "accusations" meaningless -Russians were more familiar with Islam, which regarded witchcraft as a paranormal power but not associated with the devil
Women were an integral part of a "family economy"
Which statement about European women by the middle of the eighteenth century is supported by the image? -Women increasingly found work outside the household. -Women increasingly became involved in the French government. -Women were an integral part of a "family economy" -Women with children were excluded from productive labor
