AP Euro ALL People
Saint Paul
"Let every soul be subject to the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: The powers that be are established by God. Whosoever resists the power, resists the ordinance of God; and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation."
Niccolo Machiavelli
"We Italians are irreligious and corrupt above others, because the church and her representatives set us the worst example"
Charles VII
Published the Pragmatic Sanctions of Bourges; Joan of Arc envisioned his crowning
Pope Nicholas V
A distinguished scholar; planned the Vatican library for the 9000 manuscripts he had collected
Brethren of the Common Life
A group of pious laypeople, in Holland beginning in the late 14th century, lived in stock simplicity while daily carrying out the Gospel teaching of feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and visiting the sick
Leon Batista Alberti
A writer, architect, and mathematician who stated "Men can do all things if they will."; wrote On the Family
Pope Alexander VI
Aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, reasserted papal authority in the papal lands
Selman Waksman
American microbiologist who discovered an effective vaccine, streptomycin, for the Black Death
Titian
Famous Venetian painter
Saint Antonio
Archbishop of Florence who conducted a visitation of his metropolitan see in the late 15th century; he found churches and service books in a deplorable state and many priests barely able to read and write
Filipo Brunelleschi
Architect who built the magnificent dumb on the cathedral of Florence; pioneered perspective in painting along with Piero della Francesca
Edward III
Argued that as the eldest directly surviving male descendent of Philip The Fair, he must assume the title of king of France in order to wield is rightful authority in Acquitaine
Artemisia Gentileschi
Famous female painter; painted Judith Slaying Holofernes
Richard II
Boy-king who met the leaders of the revolt, agreed to charters ensuring peasants' freedom, tricked them with false promises, and then crushed the uprising with terrible ferocity
Pope Gregory XI
Brought the papal court back to Rome; after his death Roman citizens demented and Italian pope who remain in Rome
Pope Sixtus IV
Built the Vatican library
Pope Sylvester II
Built the first mechanical clock in the west
Pope Leo X
Called on the Spanish and Germans to expel the French from Italy
Louis XI
Called the Spider King because of his treacherous character, was very much a Renaissance Prince
Maximilian
Charles V's grandfather
Henry V
Chivalric English soldier king who gained the field over vastly superior number numbers at Agincourt
Pope Urban VI
Chosen unanimously by 16 cardinals; archbishop of Bari; also known as Bartolomeo Prignano; wanted to abolish simony, pluralism, absenteeism, and clerical extravagance; had an excellent intentions for church reform
Louis XII
Cousin and heir of Charles VIII; formed the League of Cambrai with the pope and the German emperor Maximilian for the purpose of stripping rich Venice of its mainland possessions
Johann Gutenberg
Created movable type and consequently the printing press
Jan Hus
Czech reformer who was condemned by the council; wrote On The Church
Antoine du Prat
Diplomat of Louis XII's; perhaps the most notorious example of absenteeism; archbishop of Sens; never entered his cathedral until his own funeral procession
Pope Clement VII
Delayed acting on Henry's request regarding divorce with his wife; did not want to grant anullment for fear of supporting Luther's assertion that popes substituted their own evil judgements for the law of God; a true Medici
John Tetzel
Dominican friar who was hired by archbishop Albert to sell the indulgences; "As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"
Girolamo Savonarola
Dominivan friar; predicted the French invasion at Florence; attacked paganism and the moral vice of the city, the undemocratic government of Lorenzo de' Medici, and the corruption of Pope Alexander VI
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch humanist; wrote The Education of A Christian Prince and The Praise of Folly; he believed education wasn the key to reform, the key to moral and intellectual improvement and Christian is an inner attitude of the heart or spirit
Edward II
Edward I's incompetent son; used parliament to set price controls, first on the sale of livestock after disease and poor lambing had driven prices up, and then on ale
Pope Clement VII
Elected by cardinals after the excommunication of Urban VI; also known as Cardinal Robert; cousin of King Charles V
Henry VIII
English king; wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon so as to marry Anne Boleyn, because Catherine could not bare male children; his divorce was one of the many causes of the Reformation in England; petitioned Pope Clement VII for an annulment; removed the English church from papal jurisdiction
Thomas More
English man who tied above other figures in 16th century English social and intellectual history; entered government service under Henry VIII; wrote Utopia
John Wycliff
English scholar and theologian; believes the Scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice; hailed as the precursor of the Reformation
Sir Thomas Smith
English statesman who wrote The English Commin Wealth; discussed woman's role in home and family life
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish painter who was considered the artistic equal of an Italian painter; one of the earliest artists to use oil based paint; painted the Ghent Altarpiece and the portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Giotto
Florentine painter who led the way in the use of realism; painted the fresco of the Arena Chapel; the official architect of Florence and his last years
Giovanni Boccaccio
Florentine writer who created The Decameron (described ambitious merchants, lecherous friars, and cuckolded husband)
Pico della Mirandola
Florentine writer who wrote On The Dignity of Man (stressed that man possesses great dignity because he was made as Adam in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the resurrection)
Jules Michelet
French historian who extolled Joan of Arc as a symbol of the vitality and strength of the French peasant classes
Francois Rabelais
French humanist who wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel
Charles VIII
French king who invaded Italy in 1494
Philip VI
French lawyers passed the crown to him instead of Queen Isabella as a result of Salic Law; nephew of Philip the Fair; do you go to exercise for French jurisdiction in Acquitaine
Martin Luther
German Augustinian friar who launched the protestant reformation of the 16th century; articulated the widespread desire for reform of the Christian church and a deep yearning for salvation; wrote On Christian Liberty; "A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none"; wrote An Admonition to Peace; wrote Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants; wrote Larger Catechism & wrote Shorter Catechism and wrote Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
Fredrick II
German emperor who caused conflict with the papacy, followed by the Babylonian captivity and then the great schism, badly damaged the prestige of church leaders
Sigismund
German emperor who pressured the council to end the schism, to reform the church, and to wipe out heresy
Ernst Troelstsch
German student of the sociology of religion; defined Protestantism as a " modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of questions was retained, while a different answer was given to them"
Cosimo de Medici
Grandfather of Lorenzo; great patron of the arts
Anne Boleyn
Henry fell in love with and wanted to marry her; she gave birth to Elizabeth
Lorenzo Valla
Humanist who defends the pleasures of the senses as the highest good; wrote On Pleasure; studied On the False Donation of Constantine; proved forgery
Laura Cereta
Humanist who illustrates the successes and failures of educated Renaissance women; she condemned empty woman, who strive for no good but exist to adorn themselves
Thomas More
Humanist who resigned the chancellorship because he could not take the oath required by the Supremacy Act because it rejected papal authority and made the king head of the English church
Charles V
In 1519, succeeded his grandfather Maximilian as holy Roman Emperor; initiated the sack of Rome in 1527; picked up Titian's paintbrush
Medici Family
In power from 1434-1494; One of the most powerful banking families in Europe; how to power in Florence
Thomas Wolsey
King Henry VIII's chancellor who was archbishop of York for 15 years before he set foot in his diocese
Lollards
John Wycliff's followers
Queen Isabella of England
Murdered her incompetent husband, Edward II; Charles's sister daughter of Philip the fair and mother of Edward III; Salic Law used against her
Martin V
New leader elected by a conclave; Roman cardinal; also known as Colonna
Joan of Arc
Obscure, French peasant girl whose vision and work revived French fortunes and lead to victory; voices told her King Charles VII had to be crowned and the English expelled from France; also known as Maid of Orleans; captured by Burgundians and burned at the stake for heresy (by the English)
Botticelli
Painted Primavera, Spring, and Venus
Raphael Santi
Painted Sistine Madonna; painted The School of Athens, Marriage of the Virgin
Leonardo Da Vinci
Painted The Last Supper (fresco), the Mona Lisa (also known as La Giocanda), Lady with an Ermine
Anabaptists
People who believed that adults could make a free choice about religious faith, baptism, and entry into the Christian community
Christine de Pisan
Perhaps the most versatile and prolific French writer of the later Middle Ages; wrote The Book of Three Virtues, Avison-Christine, and The City of Ladies
Filippo Brunelleschi and Piero Della Francesca
Pioneered perspective in painting
Francesco Petrarch
Poet and humanist who was the first to realize that something new and unique was happening; I thought he was living at the start of a new age, a period of light following a long night of gothic gloom; "Dark Ages" was his term for the thousand-year period between the fourth and the 14th centuries
Philip the Fair
Pressured Pope Clement V to settle in Avignon during the Babylonian Captivity
Francois Villon
Probably the greatest poet of late medieval France; wrote Lais and The Grand Testament
John Calvin
Protestant and theologian; had greater impact on future generations; believed that God had specifically called him to reform the church; reformed the city of Geneva; wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion; his viewpoint is a part of the theological principle predestination; absolute sovereignty of God; two remarkable assets - complete mastery of the scriptures and exceptional eloquence
Marsiglio of Padua
Rector of the University of Paris; published Defensor Pacis; believed authority in the Christian church should rest in a general counsel
Louis XI
Repeatedly ravaged part of the Burgundian Netherlands until he was able to force Maximillian to accept French terms: the Treaty of Arras
Leonard Bruni
Rhetorician and historian who created the term humanism
William Wallace
Scottish hero who led a revolt against Edward I of England and retains important as a symbol of resistance to English rule and of Scottish nationalism
Michelangelo
Sculpted the David; built the dome of Saint Peter's Basilica; painted The Last Judgement; painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by himself; sculpted the pieta; painted
Donatello
Sculpted the David; exerted the greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Selected to design the bronze doors of the Baptistry
Masaccio
Short-lived Florentine; father of modern painting
Edward the Black Prince
Son of Edward III; use the same tactics where he captures the French king and held him for ransom
Charles V
Son of Philip and Joana; inherited Spain Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia from mother; inherited the Habsburg lands in Austria, southern Germany, the Low Countries, and Franche-Comte in east-central France from his father; last medieval emperor; opened his first diet at Worms; vigorous defender of Catholicism
Michael Servetus
Spanish humanist who gained international notoriety for his publications denying the Christian dogma of the Trinity; arrested by the Inquisition; rejected child baptism and insisted that a person under 20 cannot commit a mortal sin
Juan Luis Vives
Spanish humanist who wrote Instruction of the Christian Woman
Pope Julius II
Summoned an ecumenical council; secured a dispensation for Henry VIII eliminating all legal technicalities about Catherine's previous union with Henry's late brother, Arthur
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss humanist and admirer of Erasmus; introduced the reformation in Switzerland; elected people's priest at the new minister in Zürich; did not preach from the church's prescribed readings but relied on Erasmus's New Testament; convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures
Philip of Burgundy
The heir of Mary and Maximilian; married Joanna of Castile (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain)
Cesare Borgia
The hero of Machiavelli's The Prince; began the work of uniting the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering and exacting total obedience from the principalities making up the papal states
Maximilian I of Hapsburg and Mary of Burgundy
Their union/marriage of the rich and powerful duchy of Burgundy, the Austrian house of Hapsburg, already the strongest ruling family in the empire, became an international power
Pope Julius II
Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica; hired Michelangelo to build the dome
Ferdinand and Isabella
United Aragon and Castile through their marriage; sponsored Christopher Columbus; revived the Hermandades
English
Used long bow which could send a three arrows to the French crossbowmen's one; won the battle of Crecy
Cardinal Francisco Jimehnez de Cisneros
Visited religious houses, encouraged the monks and friars to put out the rules and constitutions, and set high standards for the training of a diocesan clergy
Fuggers
Wealthy banking family of Augsburg
French
Won the Hundred Years' War
Thomas a Kempis
Wrote "The Imitation of Christ"
Geoffrey Chaucer
Wrote The Canterbury Tales: A collection of stories and lengthy, rhymed narrative on a pilgrimage
Baldassare Castiglion
Wrote The Courtier (A treatise sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the country ideal, the gentleman)
Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote The Decameron which pinpointed the cause of the spread of the black death
Dante Alighieri
Wrote The Divine Comedy: and allegorical trilogy of 100 cantos who's three equal parts each describe one of the realms of the next world Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise
Niccolo Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince (powerful, political treatise that stated a prince should be as cunning as a fox and as ferocious as a lion)
Peter Paul Vergerio
Wrote Ubertinus