AP Euro ALL People

Saint Paul

"Let every soul be subject to the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: The powers that be are established by God. Whosoever resists the power, resists the ordinance of God; and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation."

Niccolo Machiavelli

"We Italians are irreligious and corrupt above others, because the church and her representatives set us the worst example"

Charles VII

Published the Pragmatic Sanctions of Bourges; Joan of Arc envisioned his crowning

Pope Nicholas V

A distinguished scholar; planned the Vatican library for the 9000 manuscripts he had collected

Brethren of the Common Life

A group of pious laypeople, in Holland beginning in the late 14th century, lived in stock simplicity while daily carrying out the Gospel teaching of feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and visiting the sick

Leon Batista Alberti

A writer, architect, and mathematician who stated "Men can do all things if they will."; wrote On the Family

Pope Alexander VI

Aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, reasserted papal authority in the papal lands

Selman Waksman

American microbiologist who discovered an effective vaccine, streptomycin, for the Black Death

Titian

Famous Venetian painter

Saint Antonio

Archbishop of Florence who conducted a visitation of his metropolitan see in the late 15th century; he found churches and service books in a deplorable state and many priests barely able to read and write

Filipo Brunelleschi

Architect who built the magnificent dumb on the cathedral of Florence; pioneered perspective in painting along with Piero della Francesca

Edward III

Argued that as the eldest directly surviving male descendent of Philip The Fair, he must assume the title of king of France in order to wield is rightful authority in Acquitaine

Artemisia Gentileschi

Famous female painter; painted Judith Slaying Holofernes

Richard II

Boy-king who met the leaders of the revolt, agreed to charters ensuring peasants' freedom, tricked them with false promises, and then crushed the uprising with terrible ferocity

Pope Gregory XI

Brought the papal court back to Rome; after his death Roman citizens demented and Italian pope who remain in Rome

Pope Sixtus IV

Built the Vatican library

Pope Sylvester II

Built the first mechanical clock in the west

Pope Leo X

Called on the Spanish and Germans to expel the French from Italy

Louis XI

Called the Spider King because of his treacherous character, was very much a Renaissance Prince

Maximilian

Charles V's grandfather

Henry V

Chivalric English soldier king who gained the field over vastly superior number numbers at Agincourt

Pope Urban VI

Chosen unanimously by 16 cardinals; archbishop of Bari; also known as Bartolomeo Prignano; wanted to abolish simony, pluralism, absenteeism, and clerical extravagance; had an excellent intentions for church reform

Louis XII

Cousin and heir of Charles VIII; formed the League of Cambrai with the pope and the German emperor Maximilian for the purpose of stripping rich Venice of its mainland possessions

Johann Gutenberg

Created movable type and consequently the printing press

Jan Hus

Czech reformer who was condemned by the council; wrote On The Church

Antoine du Prat

Diplomat of Louis XII's; perhaps the most notorious example of absenteeism; archbishop of Sens; never entered his cathedral until his own funeral procession

Pope Clement VII

Delayed acting on Henry's request regarding divorce with his wife; did not want to grant anullment for fear of supporting Luther's assertion that popes substituted their own evil judgements for the law of God; a true Medici

John Tetzel

Dominican friar who was hired by archbishop Albert to sell the indulgences; "As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

Girolamo Savonarola

Dominivan friar; predicted the French invasion at Florence; attacked paganism and the moral vice of the city, the undemocratic government of Lorenzo de' Medici, and the corruption of Pope Alexander VI

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist; wrote The Education of A Christian Prince and The Praise of Folly; he believed education wasn the key to reform, the key to moral and intellectual improvement and Christian is an inner attitude of the heart or spirit

Edward II

Edward I's incompetent son; used parliament to set price controls, first on the sale of livestock after disease and poor lambing had driven prices up, and then on ale

Pope Clement VII

Elected by cardinals after the excommunication of Urban VI; also known as Cardinal Robert; cousin of King Charles V

Henry VIII

English king; wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon so as to marry Anne Boleyn, because Catherine could not bare male children; his divorce was one of the many causes of the Reformation in England; petitioned Pope Clement VII for an annulment; removed the English church from papal jurisdiction

Thomas More

English man who tied above other figures in 16th century English social and intellectual history; entered government service under Henry VIII; wrote Utopia

John Wycliff

English scholar and theologian; believes the Scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice; hailed as the precursor of the Reformation

Sir Thomas Smith

English statesman who wrote The English Commin Wealth; discussed woman's role in home and family life

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter who was considered the artistic equal of an Italian painter; one of the earliest artists to use oil based paint; painted the Ghent Altarpiece and the portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Giotto

Florentine painter who led the way in the use of realism; painted the fresco of the Arena Chapel; the official architect of Florence and his last years

Giovanni Boccaccio

Florentine writer who created The Decameron (described ambitious merchants, lecherous friars, and cuckolded husband)

Pico della Mirandola

Florentine writer who wrote On The Dignity of Man (stressed that man possesses great dignity because he was made as Adam in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the resurrection)

Jules Michelet

French historian who extolled Joan of Arc as a symbol of the vitality and strength of the French peasant classes

Francois Rabelais

French humanist who wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel

Charles VIII

French king who invaded Italy in 1494

Philip VI

French lawyers passed the crown to him instead of Queen Isabella as a result of Salic Law; nephew of Philip the Fair; do you go to exercise for French jurisdiction in Acquitaine

Martin Luther

German Augustinian friar who launched the protestant reformation of the 16th century; articulated the widespread desire for reform of the Christian church and a deep yearning for salvation; wrote On Christian Liberty; "A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none"; wrote An Admonition to Peace; wrote Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants; wrote Larger Catechism & wrote Shorter Catechism and wrote Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

Fredrick II

German emperor who caused conflict with the papacy, followed by the Babylonian captivity and then the great schism, badly damaged the prestige of church leaders

Sigismund

German emperor who pressured the council to end the schism, to reform the church, and to wipe out heresy

Ernst Troelstsch

German student of the sociology of religion; defined Protestantism as a " modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of questions was retained, while a different answer was given to them"

Cosimo de Medici

Grandfather of Lorenzo; great patron of the arts

Anne Boleyn

Henry fell in love with and wanted to marry her; she gave birth to Elizabeth

Lorenzo Valla

Humanist who defends the pleasures of the senses as the highest good; wrote On Pleasure; studied On the False Donation of Constantine; proved forgery

Laura Cereta

Humanist who illustrates the successes and failures of educated Renaissance women; she condemned empty woman, who strive for no good but exist to adorn themselves

Thomas More

Humanist who resigned the chancellorship because he could not take the oath required by the Supremacy Act because it rejected papal authority and made the king head of the English church

Charles V

In 1519, succeeded his grandfather Maximilian as holy Roman Emperor; initiated the sack of Rome in 1527; picked up Titian's paintbrush

Medici Family

In power from 1434-1494; One of the most powerful banking families in Europe; how to power in Florence

Thomas Wolsey

King Henry VIII's chancellor who was archbishop of York for 15 years before he set foot in his diocese

Lollards

John Wycliff's followers

Queen Isabella of England

Murdered her incompetent husband, Edward II; Charles's sister daughter of Philip the fair and mother of Edward III; Salic Law used against her

Martin V

New leader elected by a conclave; Roman cardinal; also known as Colonna

Joan of Arc

Obscure, French peasant girl whose vision and work revived French fortunes and lead to victory; voices told her King Charles VII had to be crowned and the English expelled from France; also known as Maid of Orleans; captured by Burgundians and burned at the stake for heresy (by the English)

Botticelli

Painted Primavera, Spring, and Venus

Raphael Santi

Painted Sistine Madonna; painted The School of Athens, Marriage of the Virgin

Leonardo Da Vinci

Painted The Last Supper (fresco), the Mona Lisa (also known as La Giocanda), Lady with an Ermine

Anabaptists

People who believed that adults could make a free choice about religious faith, baptism, and entry into the Christian community

Christine de Pisan

Perhaps the most versatile and prolific French writer of the later Middle Ages; wrote The Book of Three Virtues, Avison-Christine, and The City of Ladies

Filippo Brunelleschi and Piero Della Francesca

Pioneered perspective in painting

Francesco Petrarch

Poet and humanist who was the first to realize that something new and unique was happening; I thought he was living at the start of a new age, a period of light following a long night of gothic gloom; "Dark Ages" was his term for the thousand-year period between the fourth and the 14th centuries

Philip the Fair

Pressured Pope Clement V to settle in Avignon during the Babylonian Captivity

Francois Villon

Probably the greatest poet of late medieval France; wrote Lais and The Grand Testament

John Calvin

Protestant and theologian; had greater impact on future generations; believed that God had specifically called him to reform the church; reformed the city of Geneva; wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion; his viewpoint is a part of the theological principle predestination; absolute sovereignty of God; two remarkable assets - complete mastery of the scriptures and exceptional eloquence

Marsiglio of Padua

Rector of the University of Paris; published Defensor Pacis; believed authority in the Christian church should rest in a general counsel

Louis XI

Repeatedly ravaged part of the Burgundian Netherlands until he was able to force Maximillian to accept French terms: the Treaty of Arras

Leonard Bruni

Rhetorician and historian who created the term humanism

William Wallace

Scottish hero who led a revolt against Edward I of England and retains important as a symbol of resistance to English rule and of Scottish nationalism

Michelangelo

Sculpted the David; built the dome of Saint Peter's Basilica; painted The Last Judgement; painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by himself; sculpted the pieta; painted

Donatello

Sculpted the David; exerted the greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Selected to design the bronze doors of the Baptistry

Masaccio

Short-lived Florentine; father of modern painting

Edward the Black Prince

Son of Edward III; use the same tactics where he captures the French king and held him for ransom

Charles V

Son of Philip and Joana; inherited Spain Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia from mother; inherited the Habsburg lands in Austria, southern Germany, the Low Countries, and Franche-Comte in east-central France from his father; last medieval emperor; opened his first diet at Worms; vigorous defender of Catholicism

Michael Servetus

Spanish humanist who gained international notoriety for his publications denying the Christian dogma of the Trinity; arrested by the Inquisition; rejected child baptism and insisted that a person under 20 cannot commit a mortal sin

Juan Luis Vives

Spanish humanist who wrote Instruction of the Christian Woman

Pope Julius II

Summoned an ecumenical council; secured a dispensation for Henry VIII eliminating all legal technicalities about Catherine's previous union with Henry's late brother, Arthur

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist and admirer of Erasmus; introduced the reformation in Switzerland; elected people's priest at the new minister in Zürich; did not preach from the church's prescribed readings but relied on Erasmus's New Testament; convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures

Philip of Burgundy

The heir of Mary and Maximilian; married Joanna of Castile (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain)

Cesare Borgia

The hero of Machiavelli's The Prince; began the work of uniting the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering and exacting total obedience from the principalities making up the papal states

Maximilian I of Hapsburg and Mary of Burgundy

Their union/marriage of the rich and powerful duchy of Burgundy, the Austrian house of Hapsburg, already the strongest ruling family in the empire, became an international power

Pope Julius II

Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica; hired Michelangelo to build the dome

Ferdinand and Isabella

United Aragon and Castile through their marriage; sponsored Christopher Columbus; revived the Hermandades

English

Used long bow which could send a three arrows to the French crossbowmen's one; won the battle of Crecy

Cardinal Francisco Jimehnez de Cisneros

Visited religious houses, encouraged the monks and friars to put out the rules and constitutions, and set high standards for the training of a diocesan clergy

Fuggers

Wealthy banking family of Augsburg

French

Won the Hundred Years' War

Thomas a Kempis

Wrote "The Imitation of Christ"

Geoffrey Chaucer

Wrote The Canterbury Tales: A collection of stories and lengthy, rhymed narrative on a pilgrimage

Baldassare Castiglion

Wrote The Courtier (A treatise sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the country ideal, the gentleman)

Giovanni Boccaccio

Wrote The Decameron which pinpointed the cause of the spread of the black death

Dante Alighieri

Wrote The Divine Comedy: and allegorical trilogy of 100 cantos who's three equal parts each describe one of the realms of the next world Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince (powerful, political treatise that stated a prince should be as cunning as a fox and as ferocious as a lion)

Peter Paul Vergerio

Wrote Ubertinus