Ap Euro ch 20

Louis XV

(1715-1774) inherited throne at age 5; great-grandson of Louis XIV; duke of Orleans governed until 1723 for him; 1748: appointed a finance minister who decreed a 5% income tax on every individual-protest-tax dropped; emergency war taxes established after 7 Years' War-Parlement of Paris challenged Louis XV-taxes withdrew-Louis finally had a determined defense of his absolutist inheritance-1768: appointed a tough career official, Rene de Maupeou, as chancellor and ordered him to crush opposition-abolished existing parlements and created new parlement of royal officials-system would have succeeded but Louis died in 1774

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He was old, ugly, crippled by gout, and was not a favorite among French. Let Napoleon take over in the 100 days.

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

women march on Versailles

7,000 desperate women marched 12 miles from Paris to Versaille to demand action and invaded the National Assembly

Napoleon

A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

edmund burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

civil constitution of the clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

assembly of Notables

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government.

olympe de gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Jacobin club

A radical political French club consisting of both men and women but leadership was solely bourgeoisie, Main goal was the removal of the king and establishment of a republic. Members were well-educated radical republicans

Concordat

Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution

Mary wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

dechristianization

Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government. Halted in mid-1794.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly (legislative body in pre-Revolutionary France) with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

parlement

French body that had the right to approve the legality of an act but could not legislate

Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Directory

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

September Massacres

Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found.

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

Oath of the Tennis Court

National Assembly is locked out of meeting place for estates-general and meets in tennis court where they pledged to not leave until a constitution was made. Starts the first phase of the revolution.

assignats

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Tuileries

Paris palace into which the royal family was forced to take up residence

Old Regime

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

Parlement of Paris

The main court of law in France, which competed with members of the court for influence over the king. Members were known as "nobility of the robe," while the hereditary, military-oriented courtiers were "nobility of the sword".

Madame de Pompadour

The mistress of Louis XV who used her ability to take away her "services" to gain power and to give advice about and make important government decisions

Estates

The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people

vincent oge

This Haitian was in france at the signing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and demanded the same rights for the Haitian people. He was captured and executed.

the Mountain

This was a political party within the National Convention named because the people that made up this party sat on the highest benches in the assembly hall. These people were the activists within the Convention. The Mountain worried that the Girondists would become conservative because of their already moderate beliefs. Although they were in competition with each other, the Mountain eventually won due to their alliance with the Sans-Culottes, resulting in a more radical group of people. The mountains believed in equal outcome.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy. Took away many woman's rights

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

Girondists

a group of moderates. Felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the wealthy middle class from radical attacks. Organized support to resist strength against the mountain

Jacobin

a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution

voodoo

a religious cult practiced chiefly in Saint Domingue plantations from a combo of Catholicism and African cults

Thermidorian Reaction

a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute Robespierre and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution. The name refers to 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the date according to the French Revolutionary Calendar when this revolt occurred.

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes

abbe. A liberal member of the clergy, supporter of the Third Estate, and author of the fiery 1789 pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" Sieyès was one of the primary leaders of the Third Estate's effort at political and economic reform in France.

Andre Rigaud

affranchi leader who controlled much of Southern Haiti, enemies with Louverture

Declaration of Pillnitz

afraid that other countries would follow France's lead and begin revolutions, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued this declaration in August 27, 1791, inviting other European monarchs to intervene on behalf of Louis XVI if his monarchy was threatened.

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Grand Empire

built by Napoleon and composed of three parts: an ever-expanding France, a number of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the largely independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

sans-culottes

in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

revisionism

new interpretations, subject to the origin of the French revolution

desacralization

occurs when a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or duplicated in mass quantities, becoming profane as a result.

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

War of the Austrian Succession

series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI. Left France in a financial crisis

Great Fear

the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Reign of Terror

the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed

Toussaint L'Ouverture

was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.