AP Euro Ch. 24/25

Ruthless discipline and leadership in part due to the efforts of Leon Trotsky

Even though facing tremendous odds against a successful seizure of power, the Bolshevik prevailed in the end due to what?

Nationalism

Among 19th century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was what?

The emergence of many new nation states

As a result of World War I, eastern Europe witnessed what?

The complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential

As early as July 28 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because of what?

A senseless slaughter of troops on all sides with hundreds of thousands of men dying for battlefield gains of a few miles at best

As fought in World War I, trench warfare became what?

Police powers were widely expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitor to the state

As public morale and support for the war ebbed?

Daily life for the soldier became increasingly squalid, regimented, and miserable in filthy, rat infested trenches

As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare, what happened to their daily life?

They lost 21,000 dead on the first day of the battle

At the Battle of the Somme, what happened to the British?

The Austrians has received a "blank check" of German support and military backing in their disputes with the Serbs

Austrian ultimatums to Serbia, hastening the outbreak of World War I, came in part because of what?

An exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society

Most Europeans believed that the Great War would be described as what?

Gave full support to Austria Hungary in dispute with Serbia

On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany did what?

Applying the ideas of Darwin to society

Social Darwinism was what?

Nationalist Chinese who attempted to expel all foreigners from the country through armed rebellion

The "Boxers" were what?

Europe into two opposing groups of nations making war more likely

The Bismarckian System had the ultimate result of dividing what?

South Africa

The Boer War was fought by the British in

Bolshevik secret police unit used to murder and terrorize opponents

The Cheka was what?

More mobility than the trench warfare in the Western Front

The First World War in the east was characterized by what?

The belief in progress

The First World War not only killed millions of human beings, it also destroyed one of the basic intellectual precepts upon which recent Western civilization had been founded:

A German Republic with the socialists in power

The German November revolution of 1918 resulted in the creation of what?

A political system democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice

The Meiji Restoration in Japan created what?

not a

The Russian army's woes during World War I included all of the following except

Germany's final, futile effort to win the war

The Second Battle of the Marne was the end of what?

Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay massive reparations for its alleged wartime aggression

The Treaty of Versailles forced who to do what?

Germany, Italy, Austria

The Triple Alliance included which of the following countries?

Great Britain, France, Russia

The Triple Entente included which of the following countries?

Punish Germany and gain security for France

The chief motivation of George's Clemenceau's terms of armistice was to do what?

Germans who violated principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas

The chief reason for the US entry into World War I was violations of who and what?

not a

The collapse of Russia's tsarist regime in March 1917 was aided by what 3 things?

Long periods of dreary boredom broken by murderous artillery barrages and terrifying frontal assaults by enemy troops

The development of trench warfare in France was characterized by what?

Ottoman Empire

The empire which collapsed in World War I and whose fall led to the emergence of the modern Middle East was which empire?

Gave a psychological boost to nearly defeated allies

The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 gave what to who?

D

The fact that European states fighting in World War I had to effectively organize masses of men and material for years of deadly combat led to

Article 231, the "War Guilt Claude" which imposes heavy war reparations on Germany

The feature of the Versailles Treaty that most Germans found very hard to accept was what?

David Lloyd George

The great English political liberal of the early 20th century was who?

The assassination of Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand in Bosnia

The immediate cause of World War I was what?

Emmeline Pankhurst

The leader of the women's suffrage movement in England was who?

United States

The mid pacific islands became a sphere of influence of where?

Erich Maria Remarque

The most famous novelist of world war I was who?

A deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of german war plans at the First Battle of the Marne

The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was what?

Germany's military plan to invade France rapidly through neutral Belgium before attacking Russia

The outbreak of the Great War was greatly accelerated by the Schlieffen Plan, which was what?

Serbs, Austrians

The primary antagonists in the Balkans region were which 2?

Austria-Hungary and Russia

The rivalry between which states for domination of southeastern Europe helped create serious tensions before World War I?

Several independent republics within the old Austria-Hungarian Empire

The series of revolutionary upheavals in central Europe following Germany's defeat led to the creation of what?

Ottoman Empire

The struggle for control of the remnants of what empire led to the First World War?

Heavy artillery bombardments and then launch direct frontal infantry assaults on well defended enemy positions

The usual tactic of trench warfare was to use what?

Winning women the right to vote immediately following the war

The women workers of World War I played an important role in winning what?

Took a radical, public, and well publicized approach to the movement, employing different media and provocative public actions, like pelting male politicians with eggs to demand the vote for women

To advance the cause of woman's suffrage, the Women's Social Political Inion founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters did what?

1700s

When did the British East India Company establish a foothold (control) in India?

1858 to restore the Mughal Empire

When did the British crown take direction control of India and why?

Social Democrats and Christian Socialists

Which 2 political parties became influential and embraced nationalism to the extreme?

European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security

Which of the following trends helped lead to the outbreak of the Great War?

d

Which of the following was not an argument to justify imperialism at the turn of the century?

A propaganda poster to inspire Britons to support the war

"Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?" was what?

The real creators of Western culture

According to Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Aryans were what?

It was a move that would challenge Magyar domination of the minorities

After 1900, the Magyars (Hungarians) demanded complete separation from Austria. In order to thwart this, Francis Joseph threatened to impose universal male suffrage on Hungary. Why was this such a threat?

D

All of the following areas were part of the British empire in the Far East except

c

All of the following states were created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I except

Highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly paradise

Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans was what?

Doubles

Between 1890 and 1914, in part through conscription, European military forces had _______ in size

Authority to arrest dissenters to the war as traitors

Britain's DORA gave the government what?

A war that is unrestricted in terms of weapons used, territory/combatants involved, objectives pursued (especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded)

Define total war

•20% of their food supply was imported •British blockade stopped imports •Farm labor declined •750,000 German deaths

Describe some of the food scarcity problems German faced back home

•Unification of Germany upset the BALANCE OF POWER •Bismarck wanted to maintain new status quo, keep German state satisfied, and keep peace •Created S.O.A to isolate hostile France and restrain Russia and A-H •Made Three Emperor's League (Failed to work due to Russian-Austria rivalry over Balkans)

Describe the Bismarckian System of Alliances *****************

•Germany wanted to remain friendly with Russia •Hopes to prevent French-Russian alliance •Threatened Germany with possibility of a 2 front war

Describe the Re-Insurance Treaty

•Composed of Russia and Austria Hungary •Failed to work because of Russia/Austria's rivalry over the Balkans

Describe the Three Emperors League

•Massive railroad construction by Witte •A system of protective tariffs to help Russian industry •Growth of the coal/steel industries

Describe the policies put in place to increase Russian industrialization starting in the 1890s

Poison gas

Desperate for any innovations in battle that might bring some success in terrible trench fighting, all sides in the conflict employed new weapons perfect by European science such as what?

were emancipated in most western countries, but still faced restrictions

During the 19th century, Jews

European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies

Economically, World War I witnessed what?

The treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany

Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917? Lenin signed what?

Assure acceptance of his "general association of nations"

For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to do what?

By forcing them to go underground and become revolutionary

How did Nicolas II's government deal with socialists?

•Moderate republicans lost control of radical republicans who wanted a democratic society •The army was purged of high ranking officers who had anti-republican reputations •Catholic religious orders were forced to leave France •Church and state became separated

How did the Dreyfus Affair impact France?

•Nationalists were dissatisfied with an ethnic Russian population •Peasants suffered from lack of land •Mid class wanted liberalism •Laborers felt oppressed

How did the Russia vs Japan war lead to an increase in tensions back home?

Short, possibly only weeks in duration

In August 1914, the perception of the upcoming war among Europeans was that the war would be ________

Austria & Germany

In World War I, the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought on the side of which 2 countries?

•To try and hurt the British to try and violate religion •First war for independence, which shows the relationship betw. British and colonial administration will go bad

In what ways did Hinduism and Islam cause problems for Indian nationalism?

A leader of the anti democratic Bolsheviks who promised "land, peace, and bread" and a quick Russian withdrawal from the war

V.I Lenin was who and promised what?

Britain wanted to fight and declare war to go through Belgium

What about Germany's Schlieffen Plan pushes Great Britain to declare war?

Mutiny refused to follow orders and BEIC could not handle it

What caused increasing tensions between the British and their Indian colonial subjects?

Social Democratic Party became less revolutionary and more revisionist in the outlook. Growth threatened upper and middle class

What is a main political tension that Germany experienced under Kaiser Wilhelm's rule in 1890-1914

An official order or commission to do something

What is a mandate?

Set fire to empty buildings, chained themselves to railings, smashed windows, damaged golf courses with acid, etc

What methods did MILITANT (suffragette) groups like the WSPU led by Emmaline use to fight for suffrage?

Petitions, rosters, leaflets, calendars, meetings, etc.

What methods did MODERATE groups such as NUWSS led by Millicent Fawcett use to fight for suffrage?

They would arrest anyone who would protest because it was considered against the law

What methods did the British government use to deal with/punish the militant activities?

•AIRPLANES: Used to spot enemy's position, attack ground targets (especially enemy communications) •ZEPPELINS: Created by Germans, giant airship, bombed London/Eastern England •TANKS: Moved across rough terrain, armed w/ mounted guns, attacks enemy machine gun positions & enemy infantry

What new weapons were used in WW1?

They had to fight for equal pay, jobs, representations, laws, etc

What problems remained for women even after suffrage was given?

War, territory, currency

What type of powers were bestowed upon the British East India Company by the government?

•The arrest of Emmaline and the injustice she received •She destroyed a painting using a meat cleaver

What was Mary Richardson protesting? What tactic did she use?

World War I

What was considered a direct result of the government's decision for women to vote?

Convinced Herzl that assimilation did not protect Jews against Anti-Semitism

What was the Dreyfus Affair?

750,000

What was the estimated number of German civilians who died from hunger during the war?

To avoid a two front war to defeat France within 6 weeks. Not successful, Germany fought on both sides

What was the goal of the Schlieffen Plan?

To overthrow the tsarist autocracy and establish peasant socialism

What was the goal of the Social Revolutionaries under Nicolas II?

Serbia

What was the state that was a thorn in Austria-Hungary's side and a primary cause of World War I?

Warm water ports

What would Russia want with Constantinople and the Dardanelles?

1918 (women over 30)

What year did women finally get to vote

A specifically Russian movement toward socialism to be led by soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants

When Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917, he outlined what?

1.) Moderates 2.) Explain why women need to have a vote and how important it is for children's health 3.) Women, men, gov. who are anti suffrage 4.)Allow women to vote

Who created the "Vote For Mother's" Pamphlet? What is it's message? Who was the audience? What does the author hope to achieve?

Austria Hungary

Who declared war first in WWI?

Japan and Japan

Who did Russia go to war with in 1904 and who won?

Alexandra, Nicolas's Wife, Kept him insulated from reality

Who is someone who impacted Nicolas II the most and why?

The minister of finance from 1892-1903 in Russia who saw industrial growth crucial to Russia's national strength

Who was Sergei White?

Einstein

Who was responsible for the theory of relativity?

They believed that they would be rewarded with citizenship and new political possibilities after the war

Why did colonial peoples agree to help their European masters?

To act as support for Austria-Hungary and Serbia

Why did so many nations join WWI?

It caused problems because nationalities that had played no role in the the government now agitated in the parliament for autonomy, which led prime ministers to ignore parliament and rely on imperial emergency decrees

Why did the granting of universal male suffrage in 1907 exacerbate problems in the empire rather than improve conditions?