Ap Euro Chapter 11

Council of Trent

1. A council to reassert church doctrines; the council met in 3 sessions due to breaks caused by war, plague, and imperial and papal politics. Trent was strictly under the pope's control however, with high Italian prelates with most of the power. It curtailed the selling of church offices and other religious goods. It also strengthened the authority of local bishops so that they could effectively discipline religious practices; popes were also required to be active in the community and live in their respective cities. 2. Important for many reasons- Reaffirmed the 7 sacraments, papal supremacy, transubstantiation, beliefs about purgatory, the importance of the saints and Virgin Mary, and justification by not only faith but also works. 3. The council of Trent was one of the most important councils for the catholic church.

Act of Supremacy 1534

1. Declared King Henry the 8th the supreme head of the church of England, was started because Henry wanted a Divorce. Started the Anglican Church. 2. Marked the beginning of the English reformation. 3. The Act of Supremacy was created so that Henry could divorce his wife.

Act of Uniformity 1549

1. Established the Book of Common Prayer as the only legal form of worship. 2. Restored religious peace, and gave to some extent religious toleration to catholics. 3. The act of Uniformity established the book of common prayer as the only legal form of worship, making catholics happy as well as protestants.

Society of Jesus

1. Led by the heroic war veteran Ignatios Loyola, the Jesuits enforced strict rules, encouraging obedience and loyalty to the church. Jesuits were also highly regarded by the chinese, and were the first foreigners allowed in the country. They were the most successful missionaries in their time period. Founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation. 2. The most respected missionaries, and the first to be accepted into china. 3. The Society of Jesus was formed by Ignatios Loyala, and their missionaries were the most successful to date.

Peace of Augsburg

1. Made the division of Christendom permanent. This allowed rulers to choose the religion which was accepted within their own land. However, it did not protect reformed religions such as Calvinism or Anabaptism. Anabaptists moved away into their own colonies, while Calvinists prepared for several national revolutions which would occur in the second half of the sixteenth century. (A 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.) 2. Finally brought about religious peace and officially divided christendom. 3. The peace of Augsburg brought long-needed religious peace, allowing rulers to choose the religion for their own lands.

Martin Luther

1. Martin Luther was a German catholic priest who first began to oppose the catholic church when indulgences were introduced. He wrote the 95 theses against indulgences, and was excommunicated for it. He became increasingly critical against the Christian Church due to corruption and power issues in the pope. He believed that the pope should follow the only the scripture, and value it above all else. (German monk and leader of the Protestant Reformation that wrote the 95 Theses) 2. Started the reformation with his 95 theses. 3. Martin Luther played a large role in religious reformation, and eventually developed a large following of people after he was excommunicated from the catholic church.

Anabaptists

1. Most distinguishable by their rejection of infant baptism, the Anabaptists believed that children should support "believer's baptism." They argued that people should choose their religion for themselves, instead of having one chosen as soon as they were born. In the Schleitheim Confession, Swiss Brethren also stated that they were pacifists, refused to swear oaths, and didn't participate in offices of secular government. They lived in colonies, but were eventually killed off by Catholic and Protestant armies. (They rejected infant baptism and believed that a person should choose their own faith.) 2. Important as they eventually influenced the modern day Amish. 3. Anabaptists did not believe in infant baptism, arguing that people should choose their religion on their own.

Protestant

1. Most likely started with Martin Luther and his 95 theses. Protestants were one of the major divisions within Christianity, and included many groups such as Calvinists and Lutherans. Groups such as Anabaptism were also created under the Protestant movement. Many protested against corrupt Christian church officials, or were against indulgences. 2. Beginning of secularism. 3. Protestantism most likely started with Martin Luther's 95 theses.

Charles V

1. Much of Charles V's reign was devoted to the pursuit of politics and military campaigns outside of the empire. He was very devoted to Italian Wars against the French, which were ultimately successful. He was also opposed to the Protestant Reformation, and this led to the creation of the Schmalkaldik League. Charles also advocated the Council of Trent. 2. Was opposed to the reformation, and advocated the Council of Trent. 3. Charles V, who was primarily concerned with political advances, was opposed to the reformation and advocated the Council of Trent.

Indulgences

1. The remission of temporal punishment due to sin. Getting out of punishment in afterlife. 2. Showed church corruption. 3. Indulgences were sold as a form of profit for the corrupt catholic church.

Sale of Indulgences

1. The sale of indulgences allowed for catholic followers to pay for the remission of temporal punishment due to sins. This helped the church raise a large profit, and was even extended so that one could pay for relatives or friends. This is why Martin Luther first began to oppose the ideals of the Catholic Church, and created his 95 theses. 2. Important because it showed how corrupted churches were. 3. The sale of indulgences motivated Martin Luther to write his 95 theses in protest.

Schmalkaldic League

1. The schmalkaldic league was a defensive alliance organized by German Protestants. It started as a religious movement, but later its members tried to replace the holy roman empire with it. (Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans which eventually contested the Holy Roman Empire.) 2. Important because of it's influence in the Schmalkaldic war. 3. The Schmalkaldic league was poorly organized, and as a result, fared poorly in the shmalkaldic war.

95 Theses

1.The 95 theses were written by Martin Luther, and they dispute many clerical problems, including the sale of indulgences. 2. Started the reformation. 3. Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses in protest of the sale of indulgences.

Short answer:

Corrupt church officials, the rise of new leaders such as John Calvin and Martin Luther, and a sudden increase in desire for reformation were all key factors in creating and spreading the Protestant Reformation.