AP Euro - Chapter 12 pages 401-413

Treaty of the Pyrenees

(1659) Treaty that stopped conflicts between Spain and France and had Spain give land to France. The treaty marked to end of Spain as a European power.

The Catholic League

A league of Catholic's that fought in the French Wars of Religion against the Huguenots. They received considerable aid from Spain which wanted the eradication of Protestants in Europe.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Maximilian (Duke of Bavaria)

Organized a Catholic alliance to counter a new Protestant alliance that had formed under the Calvinist Frederick IV.

Elizabeth I

Queen who established compromise between Protestants and Catholics and shaped the Church of England, led the defeat of the Spanish Armada, ruled during England's Golden Age (age of Shakespeare)

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most (his chief advisor) and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Act of Uniformity

(1559) Key part of the Elizabethan Settlement, in which Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer was reinstated with some revisions to make it more acceptable to Catholics

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Treaty of Nonsuch

1585. Elizabeth appeared to be abandoning view of not supporting rebels. However, was a last attempt to keep England independent. Philip involved in many plots

Edict of Restitution

An edict that outlawed Calvinism and Lutheranism in many parts of Germany and prompted Sweden to enter the Thirty Years' War. Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Frederick III

Devout convert to Palatine, made Calvinism the dominant religion in Germany. He helped Calvinists to gain recognition as they struggled to be an official religion. Calvinists were a threat, not only a threat to Catholicism, but to Lutheranism. Lutherans found their outspoken and aggressive behavior as a mockery to the Reformation.

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

Sir Francis Drake

From 1577 to 1580, Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe. He was a privateer, or a captain who could loot other ships. He was sent by England's Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and settlements for gold. He helped defend England against the Spanish. As a result, the Spaniards called him El Draque, or "the Dragon".

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all "politiques". What does the term mean and why does it apply to these three rulers?

Henry of Navarre, Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all politiques, those who put political and national unity above religious differences to strengthen the nation. Henry of Navarre was a politique because he sought the middle course between the Catholic league and the Huguenots. Similarly, Elizabeth I put the political unity of England over the religious unity. William of Orange, finding the middle ground in Netherlands, can be considered a politique because he resisted the Spanish Catholic, creating the Compromise, a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)

Thirty Nine Articles

Issued by Elizabeth I, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power. His domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War and was killed in the Battle of Lutzen (1594-1632).

Johann van Tilly

Led an army that was fielded by the alliance formed by the Duke of Bavaria.

Albrecht Wallenstein

Military General, Mercenary Bohemian, Ferdinand hires him to fight after dismissing Maximilian. Super good military dude, not even sure his religion he just cares about land/winning.

Conventicle Act

Passed in 1664 under the Cavalier Parliament. Conventicle was a word used to describe a religious meeting for other groups than English Church. Made it illegal to attend religious services outside the Church of England if more than 5 people were present. Harsher than Elizabeth's laws because it was easier to enforce - easier to prove affirmative attendance to meeting, rather than someone not showing up to a service

Mary Tudor

She was the devout Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Henry VIII. She served as queen after the brief reign of Edward VI. She turned England back to Catholicism, by persecuting and executing hundreds of English Protestants.

What led the establishment of the Anglican Church in England? Why did Mary I fail? What was Elizabeth's establishment settlement, and why was it difficult to impose on England? Who were her detractors and what were their criticisms?

The Anglican Church was established by Elizabeth I because she was able to merge a centralized episcopal system that she firmly controlled with broadly defined Protestant doctrine. Mary I failed to establish the Anglican church because she was strictly Catholic; she did not want to compromise with Protestant views. Elizabeth I hoped to avoid both Catholic and Protestant extremism by pursuing a middle way. It was successfully imposed on many Catholics and Protestants; however, some extreme Protestant groups disagreed with Elizabeth's decision. The Puritans and the Congregationalists, who didn't want to see any Catholic compromises, refused to accept Elizabeth's doctrines which resulted in them leaving England for more Protestant lands.

Why has the Thirty Years' War been called the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict? Was it really such? Were the results worth the cost of the war?

The Thirty Years' War has been called the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict because it epitomizes a conflict, that had deep religious motivations but greed and politics were the real forces at work; thus, the Thirty Years' War was meaningless because it had no concrete purpose. The Thirty Years' War was politically worthless; however, for religions, the Thirty Year's War was very important for determining the people's ability to practice their religion. Nevertheless, the results of the war, millions of dead and the destruction of Germany, were not worth the recognition of Calvinism and the reversion back to the ideas expressed in the Peace of Augsburg.

Why was the Thirty Years' War fought? Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war? What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?

The Thirty Years' War, although originally fought because of religious discrepancies, quickly became a war for political affairs, money, and land, drawing in Europe's greatest nations. Ultimately the promise of political growth that the Thirty Years' War promised, because the promise brought many powerful nations into the War, largely determined the outcome of the Thirty Years' War. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the war, reinstituted the Peace of Augsburg, which gave the ruler of the land the power to determine religion, and recognized Calvinism as an official religion.

Congregationalists

The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops