AP Euro Chapter 19 Spielvogel
Fraternite
"brotherhood" in French
French Parliaments
13 high courts that had the constitutional power to pass and/or veto laws. During their existence, they were a constant hindrance to King Louis's plans for the country.
Third Estate
97% of the French population; it was composed of the bourgeoisie, the urban lower class, and peasant farmers.
The Bastille
A French medieval fortress that was converted into a large prison. It symbolized the royal abuse of power.
Madame de Stael
A French romantic writer who was greatly influenced by German literature. Chief romanticist of France.
Maximilien Robespierre
A Revolutionary leader that was the head of the Committee of Public Safety and oversaw the most radical, bloody phases of the French Revolution.
Reign of Terror
A bloody phase of the French Revolution where Robespierre presided over many executions and created a feeling of revolutionary terror.
Vendee
A counter revolution that was largely inspired by anger toward the restrictions placed on the church.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A document adopted by the French National Assembly in 1789 that guaranteed certain human rights and other freedoms.
Tennis Court Oath
A promise made by the members of the National Assembly to stay together until they had written a constitution for France; this was the first deliberate act of the revolution (treason)
Jacobins
A radical republican political faction that was responsible for the Reign of Terror.
Thermidorian Reaction
A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror that resulted in the execution of Robespierre and the end of the Committee of Public Safety.
Declaration of Pillnitz
A statement agreed upon by Leopold II and Fredrick William II to intervene if Louis XVI was threatened by revolution
Natural rights
According to John Locke, every human was born with the rights to life, liberty, and property.
Austerlitz and Trafalgar
Admiral Nelson of the British Navy defeated a combined French and Spanish naval force at Austerlitz and Trafalgar. Although it cost Nelson his life, the invasion of Britain became impossible.
Guillotine
An execution device used for beheading people; it was the primary means of execution during the French Revolution
Vote by order or by head
Argument over what type of voting should take place at the Estates-General: either each order would vote separately, thus every order would have veto power over the other two, thus guaranteeing aristocratic control over reforms, or each person would have a separate vote
We Are Bringing Back the Baker
Armed women in large mass marched to Versailles and demanded bread, made Louis XVI come back to Paris. So they brought back flour and sang this phrase over and over.
Civil Code
Code of laws established by Napoleon which preserved many of the ideals of the French Revolution
July 14, 1789
Date of the Storming of the Bastille.
July 4, 1776
Date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Yorktown
Decisive battle of the American Revolution that took place in 1781. Resulted in an American victory thanks to the military aid provided by France.
Elba and Saint Helena
Elba was Napoleon's first place of exile after his abdication of the throne. Saint Helena is a South Atlantic island that was Napoleon's final place of exile after the Battle of Waterloo.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Ended the special privileges of the Roman Catholic Church in France and made it subordinate to the French government.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general who overthrew the French directory in 1799 and became empreror of the French in 1804. He failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated the throne in 1814, but returned to power in 1815 only to be defeated again and exiled from France.
Olympe de Gouges
French journalist who demanded equal rights for women
Marquis de Lafayette
French officer who helped the Patriots in the American Revolution by providing French military aid.
Gracchus Babeuf
French politician and journalist during the Revolution that wanted to abolish private property and eliminate private enterprise.
First and Second Estates
In France, the first estate consisted of the clergy, while the second estate consisted of the nobility.
The Concordat
Kept the church under state control but organized religious freedom for Catholics. Established Napoleon as the undisputed leader of France.
Escape to Varennes
King Louis XVI and his family's attempted escape from Paris. They made it to Varennes only to be arrested by the authorities.
Law of General Maximum
Law that set price controls on goods. The French government was unable to enforce them so they failed
Sans-Culottes
Local term for third-estate Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.
Bourgeoisie
Members of the middle class: factory owners, financiers, and bankers.
First Consul and Emperor
Napoleon directly controlled the entire executive authority of government
The Grand Army
Napoleon's army of around 600,000 men that was ultimately destroyed during the Russian campaign.
Italian and Egyptian campaigns
Some of Napoleon's most successful military campaigns that made him a hero among the people of France.
Taille
Taxes that were imposed in France during the Hundred Years War to fund the war effort.
Girondins and the Mountain
The Mountain was a faction of the National Convention primarily representing the provinces. They came to fear the radical mobs in Paris and were disposed to keep the king alive as a hedge against future eventualities Girondins were Jacobins who had seats high up in the assembly hall in the National Convention
The Constitution of 1789
The addition of 12 amendments, including the bill of rights, to the existing Constitution. Many of the rights were directly derived from the teachings of the philosophes.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
The leader of the Haitian Revolution. Despite a military intervention by the British and French, he successfully freed the slaves and established Haiti as an independent state.
National Convention
The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.
The Directory
The new government that was established following the Thermidorian Reaction.
Temple of Reason
The new name for the Cathedral of Notre Dame during the Radical Phase of the Revolution
Committee of Public Safety
The provisional government that ruled immediately after the overthrow of the French monarchy. Responsible for the Reign of Terror.
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government
Georges Danton
Well-known Jacobin and lawyer eventually executed for being less radical than Robespierre. Was one of the chief forces in the overthrow of the French monarchy.
National Assembly
When the First Estate refused to vote by head, the Third Estate responded by creating the National Assembly and a separate constitution on June 17, 1789.
Abbe Sieyes
Wrote the essay "What is the 3rd Estate?" that mainly argued for greater representation of Frenchmen in the Third Estate and claimed they were more important than the nobles and clergy.