AP Euro Chapter 20 Study Guide

What were the contributions of William Cockerill?

An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

Explain how industry grew throughout continental Europe.

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery that they believed were putting them out of work

How did labor in British families change in the 18th century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward working for wages

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Farming and agriculture

What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?

It prohibited underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under the age of ten

Why did 18th century Great Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested and was the primary source of heat in homes and a basic raw material in industry

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in 18th century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure concluded about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good

Explain the separate spheres pattern of gender relationships.

Women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born (they were domestic), and husbands were expected to go to work

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

All men must be given the right to vote

Explain Ricardo's iron law of wages.

Because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence (minimum) level; wages would only ever be high enough to keep workers from starving

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Bolton, with his adequate capital and excellent sales skills, helped Watt make the steam engine a practical and commercial success in Great Britain

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could *easily be spun* mechanically with great efficiency, helping solve shortage of thread problem

What did Robert Owen seek to do?

Create a single large national union for British workers

What was the key development in the 18th century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

Establishment of limited liability investment

What was the development of Henry Cort?

He developed the *puddling furnace* which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (also developed heavy-duty rolling mills which were a great boom to GB's iron industry)

What was the argument of Thomas Malthus in his Essay on the Principles of Population?

He said that population will always grow faster than the food supply

Explain Fritz Harkort's contribution to the Industrial Revolution.

He sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense; set up shop in abandoned castle in Ruhr Valley to build steam engines

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting out system, reluctant to work in new factories even when they received good wages?

In factories, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

What did Friedrich Engels say concerning the living conditions in his work, The Conditions of the Working Class in England?

In general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving"

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

According to Friedrich List, how should industrial development be pursued?

It should be pursued as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

How did class consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

Many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling; modern industry created *conflict between industrialists and laborers*

Why were entire family units usually hired in the early factories?

Mill owners favored family units because it helped develop happy and high quality labor force; families wanted to be kept together; there wasn't a concern with kids working long hours or doing dangerous jobs

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth in gross national product was eaten up by population growth

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Railroads created a larger market, encouraged large industries with more sophisticated machines, and made everything less costly

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs?"

The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality (also because when the men and women worked together in the mines they would "get distracted" from work when they took off their clothes bc it was hot)

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

The steam engine (James Watt's)