Ap Euro Final Semester 1 Study
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions
Armies were expensive to deploy and rulers feared creating martyrs
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests
Political power in the Dutch republic was
Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
What was Hernan Cortese's crutial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire
Cortez was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
Cosimo de Medici
which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of columbus
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations
Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance?
Groupings of people based on ethnic, national , or religious factors
Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola
He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority
How did Fredrick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultrual production while dramatically expanding the size of his army
He offered all Prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists
According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?
He would be names viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive 1/10 of the material rewards of the Journey
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print
Johann Gutenburg
In music, the baroque style reached is culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by
Prince Henry
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis
Protestants rejected COpernicus's ideas that the earth moved, while the Catholic church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the 17th century
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
The Junkers were
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state
What French word was coined by historian Giorgio Vasari to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity
Renaissance
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people suceptible to deadly dseases, which reduced the population significantly
Why did Eliabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther;s doctrine of salvation
Salvation cam through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties
How di dportuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa
The traded for slaves with local leaders
Which of the following inhibited women;s sucess as painters in the Renaissance
They could not work in public where the fresco technique was done
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule on the Mongol Khans
how did the Calvinists inderstand the idea of work or labor
Work was the consequence of sin entering the world; it marked the shame of humankind
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to
a confidence among calvinists in their own salvation
The primary cause of theEnglish Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
The Calloquy of Marburg
failed to resolve the differences amon Protestands on the issue of the Eucharist
Bartolome de Las Casas asserted that the Indians
had human right
what did Columbus beleive he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean
islands off the coast of Japan
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?
it divided the atlantic ocean, giving spain control ofeverything west of an imaginary line and portugal everything east of the line
In early Renaissance Italy, are
manifested ocrporate power.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship
Louis XIv selected councilors from the
newly ennobled or upper middle class.
Luther viewed celibacy as
opposed to human nature and God's commandments
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
securing reconciliation with the protestants
Italian humanist stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that
the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were
off the coast of Asia
French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the
prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France
Johannes Kepler beleived that the eliptical orbit of the planets
produced a musical harmony of the heavenly bodies
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on wether it
provided order, security, and saftey of the populace
The reformation in england was primarily the result of
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
The edict of nantes
Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his work
What florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East; the Turkish Ottomans and the
Mongol Khans
The Spanish conversos were which of the following
Muslim converts to Christianity following the fall of the Granda
Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade?
Muslim-controlled port cities
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the 15th century
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state
After his victory in 1709 at Potava Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman
The Courtier
In chronological order, what were the 3 successice commercial empires established byEuropeans in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries
The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa
The Spanish ambushed and caputred Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him
Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtu?
The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies
The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and finantial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists
The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territoy or region in the Holy Roman Empire
The political leaders of the territory or region determined wheather to introduce reforms
The English political philosopler Thomas Hobbes hed that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
they were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasant's Wat was
to side with the peasants
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg the people of Germany
became either Lutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the
consolidation of serfdom
which of the following was a major motivation for european exploration
desire for material profit
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he beleived it would
detract from the sovereignty of God
Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance
A glorification of the individual genius
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to
A lengthy civil war
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
The difficult waters of the Straights of Magellan led SPain to focus on developing its colonies in the Eastern parts of the Americas
The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the great commercial revival in Italy
The great commercial revival in Italy
In the early 16th century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues
The immorality of preists who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy
Why did a woman's work reveive less compensation than a man's work
The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore more widely performed
Why did the Protestants allow the dissoltion of marriages in divorce
They veiwed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.
Luther beleived that the church consisted of
a spiritual priesthood of all christian beleivers