AP Euro MidTerm Multiple Choice

was effective

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the 17th century?

Catholic Reformation.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the what?

The Indian Ocean trade.

The European voyages of the 15th century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of what...?

Christians humanists

What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people?

Ursuline Order.

What new religious order for women emerged in the 16th century?

Was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.

What policy did Elizabeth I follow in religious affairs?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter The Great's bureaucratic system?

it increased european population growth (or simply that the population was increasing everywhere in Europe in the 18th century)

What was the effect on European population growth of overseas colonization?

Enlightenment

What was the enclosure movement of the 18th century?

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Who Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?

Cesare Beccaria

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishment, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

clockmaker

Voltaire was deist who viewed God as akin to a what?

theory of the universe that postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

What Copernicus's theory of the Universe?

Renaissance

What French word was coined by historian Giorgio Vasari to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

What best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Work hard in an endless array of job-sewing, cleaning, etc. non stop

What could a young woman expect entering domestic service?

After brooding over his failed attempt at European domination on the island of Elba, Napoleon returned to France with vengeance on the mind. He sought to regain control of his empire, but to no avail. After temporary chaos, Louis XVIII came out of hiding and the allies re-banished him to the island of St. Helena off the coast of Africa.

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

Equality of all male citizens before the law Security of wealth and private property

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes.

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

France

Britain's great rival for influence in India in the 18th century was?

The newly rich people

From what group did Louis XIV select his advisers?

His Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which supported heliocentrism.

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to the publication of what?

To secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

In addition to reforming the Church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

The entire community of Christian believers.

Luther believed the church consisted of what...?

Prince Henry.

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by whom?

the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

to discover what actually occurred in nature rather to speculate on what should occur

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

Typically wealthy and politically moderate; about 20% of the total white population, most common in the Deep South and along the western frontier. Loyalists were also recruited from enslaved people by the British, who promised freedom to any slave who left his master to fight on Britain's side.

What was the social status of the Loyalists faction during the American Revolution?

The high class who begrudgingly funded the army

Who were the Junkers?

they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater.

How did the British win the American component of the Seven Years War?

Armies were expensive to deploy and rulers feared creating martyrs.

In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

the British colonial empire.

In the 18th century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with whom?

They made a compromise stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifth of a person in tallying population members for taxation and proportional representation in the House of Reps.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?

His establishment of family members as rulers of the countries that he conquered?

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

London

The West's largest and richest city in the 18th century was?

Louis announced the reinstatement of his finance minister and the withdrawal of troops from Paris (623)

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?

A military dictatorship.

Ultimately, what was Oliver Cromwell's protectorate?

They wanted to rebuild their economy, which was exhausted after the French-and-Indian war.

Why did Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of whom?

Vegetables, some potatoes, and NOT meat (589)

In the 18th century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and ....

Church and state officials used the church to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people

In the 18th century, what problems did the Church of England face?

The local parish (596)

In the 18th century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?

That they were human and equal to everyone else.

What did Bartolome de las Casas assert about the Indians?

Protestants believed that every believer should be able to read a Bible, Presbyterians believed that the path to salvation lay in careful study for the Scriptures, etc

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

Following Robespierre's ordered execution of a number of his long-standing collaborators during his Reign of Terror, a group of the members of the National Convention, fearing for their own necks, turned against him and had Robespierre and his closest supporters guillotined themselves.

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the 9th of Thermidor?

Due to the growing intellectual disdain for popular beliefs Elite increasingly dismissed such fears and refused to prosecute

Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late 18th century?

The Atlantic Trade.

Between 1650 and 1790, what was the crucial component of the global economy developed by European nations?

that flawed social institutions were responsible for human corruption NOT the human himself -- key to reform of individual is reform of society

According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted

Off the Coast of Asia

After the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were what?

Short pamphlets known as chapbooks (586)- contained religious literature

As literacy expanded among common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

They traded for slaves with local leaders.

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?

He sought to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.

How did justifications for slavery change from the 15th century to 18th century?

Ideas were spread through gossip since many still couldn't read (586) As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar (more quizlet hype)

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

Women could no longer look to the church, which had been stripped of its tithes, for aid. Resulted in women marching and demanding action on Versailles. Later, under the National Convention, women would be denied participation in political spheres.

How did the National Assembly affect gender equality?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

High infant mortality rates How kids were treated changed a lot: Some parents had high emotional attachments causing distress at the death of a child, other were quite the opposite Severe discipline tried to turn more tender

How were children treated in the 17th and early 18th century?

Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the 7 Years War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified the British victory on all colonial fronts was the...

Michaelangelo

What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel?

Islands off the coast of Japan.

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to liberty, prosperity, and security

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantee?

Life was "nasty, brutish, and short", Divine right of kings

What did the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes believe?

Divided the Atlantic Ocean with an imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line.

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?

Resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.

What did the dissolution of the English monasteries result in?

discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague.

What happened to European public health systems in the 18th century?

Perfected a horse drawn seed drill and later a horse drawn hoe(me); sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the 18th century?

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

What was Mercantilist Theory?

Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes met, variety of people and opinions

What was a striking feature of salons?

Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

To seek out and imprison or execute "enemies of the nation," or those suspected of opposing the radical Jacobin and revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre's dictatorial government.

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

The eradication of smallpox (by Edward Jenner) (605)

What was the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science?

the subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy.

What was the guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies?

Jews faced numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white europeans and thus couldn't be enslaved← according to some girl's quizlet

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the 18th century?

simplifying Prussia's laws

What were the enlightened policies of Frederick The Great?

A young man would have to work hard and get little money

What would young men face during their period of apprenticeship?

Seven thousand French women who marched upon the royal apartments, demanding more bread.

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Convicted prisoners

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Pope Julius II

Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?

Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Man was a blistering attack against Reflections on the Revolution in France (who wrote this one?), and two years later she wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in which she demanded equal rights for women (this book became a founding text of the feminist movement).

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?

John Locke

Who wrote the 2nd Treatise of Government?

The directory continued to support French military expansion abroad because war was no longer so much a crusade as a response to economic problems. Large, victorious armies reduced unemployment at home.

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by the early revolutionary government?

France had no central bank, no paper currency, and no means of creating credit.

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the 18th century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Britain or Holland?