AP Euro Practice Test
"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs." Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492 1. The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe? (A) The development of natural philosophy based on inductive and deductive reasoning (B) The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism (C) The continued reliance on traditional supernatural explanations of the world (D) The development of Baroque dramatic forms to enhance the stature of elites 2. Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to which of the following? (A) Machiavelli's criticism of Italian political systems in The Prince (B) Galileo's science-based inquiries that threatened the authority of Catholic world views (C) Erasmus' arguments in favor of religious toleration and criticizing traditional superstitions (D) Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses 3. The political condition of Germany described in the passage did not change until (A) 1789 (B) 1815 (C) 1871 (D) 1945 4. Which of the following groups in the nineteenth century would most likely have agreed with the sentiments in the passage? (A) Industrial capitalists (B) Radical anarchists (C) Romantic nationalists (D) Utopian socialists
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital." Song of the poissardes (Paris market women), October 1789 13. The events referred to in the song led most directly to which of the following? (A) The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France (B) The creation of a republican government in France (C) The installation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French (D) The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy 14. The poissardes and other participants in the events described in the song were motivated most strongly by which of the following? (A) An economic crisis brought about by food shortages (B) The desire to institute free-market principles in the French economy (C) The failure of France to gain substantial advantages from its wars with Britain (D) The fear that Enlightenment ideas about government would undermine the basis of monarchy 15. The participation of women such as the poissardes led to which of the following during the early phases of the French Revolution? (A) Wage equality for women (B) Permanent legal equality for women, but no political rights (C) Temporary improvements in women's legal status (D) Loss of rights previously held by women
13. A 14. A 15. C
"The purpose of the geography curriculum was to come to know the narrower and broader Fatherland and to awaken one's love of it. . . . From [merely learning the names of] the many rivers and mountains one will not see all the Serbian lands, not even the heroic and unfortunate field of Kosovo [on which the Ottomans defeated the Serbs in 1389]; from the many rivers and mountains children do not see that there are more Serbs living outside Serbia than in Serbia; they do not see that Serbia is surrounded on all sides by Serbian lands; from the many mountains and rivers we do not see that, were it not for the surrounding Serbs, Serbia would be a small island that foreign waves would quickly inundate and destroy; and, if there were no Serbia, the remainder of Serbdom would feel as though it did not have a heart." Report to the Serbian Teachers' Association, 1911-1912 19. The report best reflects which of the following goals of public education systems in the period before the First World War? (A) Heightening awareness of the dangers of international conflict (B) Greater appreciation of the Ottoman legacy in the Balkans (C) Training bureaucrats for imperial posts (D) Instilling feelings of nationalism 20. The conditions referred to in the report were most directly a result of which of the following developments? (A) The transformation of the Habsburg Empire into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary (B) The emergence of new Balkan states as the Ottoman Empire declined (C) The growth of international tensions following Bismarck's dismissal as chancellor of Germany (D) The increase of economic competition between imperial powers for industrial resources 21. Sentiments similar to those expressed in the report most directly contributed to which of the following developments in the late twentieth century? (A) The development of the European Union during the Cold War (B) The development of COMECON in Eastern Europe (C) Ethnic conflict after the collapse of communism (D) The move by European nations to relinquish their colonies 22. In the interwar period, educators in which of the following countries would most likely have had a view of geography education similar to that expressed in the passage? (A) Germany (B) Great Britain (C) France (D) The Soviet Union
19. D 20. B 21. C 22. A
"Twentieth-century Fascism is a byproduct of disintegrating liberal democracy. Loss of hope in the possibilities of existing order and society, disgust with their corruption and ineffectiveness, above all the society's evident loss of confidence in itself, all these produce or spur a revolutionary mood in which the only issue lies in catastrophic action—but always with a strong social tinge: 'I place my only hope in the continuation of socialist progress through fascisms,' writes Drieu [a French Fascist author of the 1930s]. And the editor of the French Fascist publication, the Insurgent, Jean-Pierre Maxence, would call for insurgents of all parties to join 'the front of united youth, for bread, for grandeur and for liberty, in immense disgust with capitalist democracy.' From this angle, as from many others, Fascism looks very much like the Jacobinism of our time." Eugen Weber, historian, Varieties of Fascism, 1964 23. Which of the following features of the French Revolution would best support Weber's argument comparing Fascism to Jacobinism? (A) The passage of laws ending the hereditary privileges of the nobility (B) Napoleon's seizure of power from the Directory (C) The wars to protect Revolutionary France from foreign invasion (D) The economic price and wage controls imposed during the Reign of Terror 24. Weber's argument linking Fascism and Jacobinism implies that he was influenced by which of the following? (A) Marxist materialist analysis of social change and historical development (B) Social Darwinist belief in the importance of struggle in historical progress (C) Positivist emphasis on the role of technology in shaping human affairs (D) Post-modernist subjectivist critiques of the ethos of western society 25. Which of the following would most contradict Weber's thesis concerning the fundamental character of Fascism? (A) Mussolini's membership in the Italian Socialist Party prior to founding the Italian Fascist movement (B) The spread of Fascism to eastern European countries in the 1930s (C) The growth of National Socialism in Germany during the economic crisis of the early 1930s (D) Franco's support for traditional Catholic values in his Spanish Fascist movement 26. Which of the following would best explain the appeal of Fascism in France alluded to in the passage? (A) The French alliance with Italy during the First World War (B) Political instability in France after the First World War (C) Lingering anti-Semitism in France in the aftermath of the Dreyfus affair (D) The incorporation of Alsace into France after the First World War
23. D 24. A 25. D 26. B
Picture: Translation states= "No, France will not be a colonized country! Americans stay in America!" 27. The attitude exemplified by the poster was likely LEAST influenced by which of the following? (A) Soviet influence over Western European communist parties during the Cold War (B) The Marshall Plan (C) The creation of NATO (D) The creation of the United Nations 28. The creators of the poster also likely opposed which of the following? (A) Greater involvement of women in politics and education (B) The expansion of social welfare programs (C) The continued French government of Algeria (D) The expansion of Soviet economic influence in Eastern Europe 29. The political sentiment expressed in the poster would have the greatest influence on which of the following? (A) The collapse of the Soviet Union (B) The development of the European Union (C) The increase in the number of migrant laborers in Western Europe (D) The student rebellions of 1968
27. D 28. C 29. D
"No matter how learned a woman may be, silence her in matters of faith and the Church. For it is certain what the ancients said, that which makes a woman prettiest is silence on her lips for all conversation, and particularly for the mysteries of holiness and so she is not to be a teacher of the doctrine of the Sacred Scriptures." Fernando Valdés, Spain, 1537 "It pleased our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. . . being free from original and all other sins, from the time of his conception till the hour of his death, to be begotten of a woman, born of a woman, nourished of a woman, obedient to a woman; and that he healed women, pardoned women, comforted women. . . and after his resurrection appeared first to a woman, and sent a woman to declare his most glorious resurrection to the rest of his Disciples." Emilia Lanier, England, 1611 30. The passages are best understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The humanist debate over education and the rights of women (B) The debate over the role of women in society prompted by the Reformation (C) The wars between Spain and England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (D) The revival of the study of classical texts 31. Valdés' argument reflects which of the following developments of this period? (A) The concern over women's emigration to the New World (B) The affirmation by the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy of women's subordination in matters of religion (C) The Renaissance humanist revival of Greek and Roman attitudes towards women (D) The growing popularity of monasticism for Catholic women 32. Lanier's publication of an argument for increased respect for women was made possible by which of the following? (A) The spread of literacy and personal engagement with religious texts (B) Elizabeth I's use of magisterial religious authority on behalf of women (C) The opening of clerical positions to women (D) New scientific writings that challenged classical learning
30. B 31. B 32. A
Picture: The cartoon shows adjacent entry and exit border crossings of Lippe-Schaumberg, one of the small states in northwestern Germany. Cartoon caption: "You see, Mr. Border Official, that I have nothing to declare, because what's in the back of the cart has not yet crossed Lippe's border, there is nothing in the middle, and what's in the front of the cart has already cleared Lippe's border." 37. At the time of the cartoon's publication, the political conditions referred to had been most recently reaffirmed by (A) the French Revolution (B) the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire by Napoleon (C) the settlement at the Congress of Vienna (D) the July Revolution of 1830 38. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the cartoon? (A) German liberals regarded the status quo in the German states as an obstacle to progress. (B) German conservatives were largely caught off guard by the outbreak of the Revolutions of 1848. (C) There was a strong resentment against Schaumburg-Lippe and the other small German states among people living in the larger German states, such as Prussia and Bavaria. (D) Regional, local, and state-specific loyalties made the emergence of a common German identity impossible. 39. Which of the following developments in nineteenth-century German history was most directly a response to the concerns expressed in the cartoon? (A) The establishment of social welfare legislation providing old-age and disability pensions for workers (B) The creation of the Zollverein, a customs union under Prussian leadership, which facilitated trade and hastened industrialization (C) The Prussian government's support for the creation of an extensive rail network in German states (D) The persistence of primitive agricultural practices and landowning patterns in some parts of the German lands
37. C 38. A 39. B
"First, the natives of India, so far as I have seen, and speaking generally, are barbarians. It is necessary that you should have special care for all your sons of the Jesuit Order in India in commending them to God our Lord continually, for you know what a great toil it is to have to do with people who through their very habitual evil living neither know God nor obey reason. . . . I see clearly, my only Father, by my experience here, that no road is opening for the perpetuation of the Jesuit Order among the natives. Christianity will last among them only as long as we who are here or those whom you will send from Europe will last and live. . . . The Portuguese here control only the sea and the places on the seashore, and so they are not masters [in the interior] but only in the places where they live. The native Indians are not at all inclined to the things of [Christianity] but rather abhor them greatly. It irks them mortally when we speak to them and ask them to become Christians." Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549 40. The Portuguese presence in India most directly resulted from which of the following? (A) The desire to obtain greater access to precious metals and luxury goods (B) The desire to secure a supply of labor for expanding manufacturing in Europe (C) The desire to create new plantations for the production of cash crops (D) The desire to establish new markets for European manufactured goods 41. Xavier's views in the second paragraph support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1648? (A) Christianization efforts were more successful in Asia than in the Americas. (B) Christianization was used to justify the African slave trade. (C) Christianization was generally in conflict with mercantilist policies. (D) Christianization both depended on and legitimized European colonial expansion. 42. Xavier's views of indigenous populations as expressed in the passage were most similar to views commonly held by late-nineteenth-century Europeans in which of the following ways? (A) Both views reflected a fear of native influences on Christianity. (B) Both views reflected a sense of admiration for foreign cultures. (C) Both views reflected a sense of cultural superiority. (D) Both views reflected a sense of moral ambiguity concerning colonization. 43. The religious order of which Xavier was a member was important in the history of sixteenth-century Europe primarily because it (A) challenged Protestant teachings and helped revive the Church during the Catholic Reformation (B) studied Greek and Roman texts but challenged secular values in Renaissance humanism (C) ensured that Catholic institutions remained outside monarchical control (D) revived universities in eastern Europe
40. A 41. D 42. C 43. A
"The foundations of old knowledge have collapsed. Wise men have probed the depths of the earth; Treasures of buried strata furnish the proofs of creation. [Religion] is no longer the apex of fulfillment for the intelligent. Atlas does not hold up the earth, nor is Aphrodite divine; Plato's wisdom cannot explain the principles of evolution. 'Amr is no slave of Zayd, nor is Zayd 'Amr's master *— Law depends upon the principle of equality. Neither the fame of Arabia, nor the glory of Cairo remains. This is the time for progress; the world is a world of science; Is it possible to maintain society in ignorance?" Sâdullah Pasha, Ottoman intellectual, The Nineteenth Century, poem, 1878 * Zayd and 'Amr are Muslim names traditionally used in Islamic legal opinions in the generic sense of "John Doe 1" and "John Doe 2." 44. Based on the poem, it can be inferred that Sâdullah Pasha was most influenced by which of the following? (A) Social Darwinism (B) Positivism (C) Romantic nationalism (D) Abolitionism 45. The last three lines of the poem best illustrate which of the following aspects of Europe's relationship with the rest of the world in the late nineteenth century? (A) European imperial encroachments provoked a cultural backlash and a rejection of Western values in many areas of Africa and Asia. (B) Colonial subjects began organizing politically to overthrow European rule. (C) Many countries were made dependent on Europe economically and politically through treaties and trade agreements. (D) Adoption of Western ideas caused many non-Western peoples to call for the modernization of their own societies and states. 46. By the 1920s and 1930s, the ideas concerning science and progress reflected in the poem underwent which of the following transformations? (A) The ideas were largely rejected by non-Western leaders as incompatible with indigenous norms and cultures. (B) The ideas were largely supplanted by a revival of religious sentiment in the wake of the First World War. (C) The ideas came to be regarded with suspicion by many European intellectuals in the light of subsequent scientific discoveries and political events. (D) The ideas were regarded with increasing hostility by European intellectuals in the wake of growing anticolonial movements in Asia and Africa.
44. B 45. D 46. C
"To Commissar Lenin, Chairman of the Russian Socialist Republic: We middle- and poor-peasant laborers have never been either bourgeois or speculatorprofiteers, or drunkards, or pickpockets, or lazybones-parasites of the upper class. . . . [The Bolshevik provincial authorities] have not tried to raise and improve the working level of the people. All they do is extort, rob, and take away what has been amassed by our hard and persistent labor and thrift. Let's take for example some families in the village: the first one is the Kulikhins, who have three plots of land and seven healthy, strong men; they abandoned their land and house and wander around and beg. Another family—the Obraztsovas—is a woman who has young children and old folks to take care of; yet she plows the land herself and takes care of everything else. And now it turns out that that the Kulikhins are considered poor peasants [and are protected by the Bolsheviks], while the Obraztsovas are classified as bourgeois: grain and livestock were taken from them and the authorities imposed on them heavy requisitions and taxes. And so the poor lazybones grow richer than the rest of us a thousand times. The wealth of the peasant is accumulated through thrift. So where is justice? There is no such thing." Petition from peasants from the Vologda region, Russia, 1920 47. The petition best supports which of the following conclusions? (A) Most Russian peasants opposed the Bolshevik Revolution and supported the Whites in the Russian Civil War. (B) Peasant notions of social status and social hierarchy were at odds with Bolshevik notions of class formation and class consciousness. (C) There was a large surplus of arable land in the Russian countryside that was not being cultivated. (D) Despite the revolution, peasant ideas of ethical living and proper behavior were still deeply influenced by Christian teachings. 48. Which of the following was most directly a cause of the inequalities in land ownership among the Russian peasantry referred to by the petitioners? (A) Peter the Great's westernizing reforms (B) The abolition of serfdom (C) The Revolution of 1905 (D) Lenin's New Economic Policy 49. The Bolshevik policies decried by the petitioners in the passage would be carried to their logical conclusion in which later Soviet policy? (A) The policy of allowing limited private market activity under the New Economic Policy (B) The policy of rapid industrialization under the Five Year Plans (C) The policy of liquidating the kulaks as a class and the formation of collective farms (D) The policy of mass incarceration of political opponents in the Gulag
47. B 48. B 49. C
"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s 5. The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following? (A) The establishment of several religiously pluralistic and tolerant states within the German-speaking regions (B) The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries (C) The virtual extinction of all Christian denominations except Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism within the German-speaking regions (D) The political unification of most of the German-speaking regions under a Protestant, rather than a Catholic monarch 6. Based on the passage, which of the following can be safely inferred about Herberle's religious affiliation? (A) He was a member of a Lutheran church. (B) He was a member of a Calvinist church. (C) He was not a member of any established church. (D) He was not Roman Catholic. 7. A historian could best use Herberle's discussion of the comet as evidence for which of the following features of early modern intellectual life? (A) The diffusion of new scientific knowledge in the general population of Europe (B) The continued popularity of astrology among members of the elite (C) The persistence of a traditional view of the world as governed by supernatural forces (D) The growing tension between religious and scientific explanations of natural phenomena 8. The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following? (A) The diffusion of Renaissance humanist ideas to areas outside Italy (B) The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible (C) The establishment of mandatory systems of national education (D) The growth of representative forms of government as alternatives to absolutism
5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B
"Interrogator: Do you believe that the imperialist states and their agencies are not interested in weakening and undermining the Soviet regime but in strengthening it? Is that how we must interpret you? Yuri Orlov: As is well known, my documents have been used in the West by those progressive forces whose criticism has clearly improved certain aspects of human rights in the Soviet Union. I have in mind statements by communists in France, Italy, and [other countries]. . . . One must bear in mind that even criticism from hostile forces can be useful for a regime. For example, criticism of capitalism by the Soviet Union has undoubtedly strengthened that system and prolonged its existence. However, I did not appeal to hostile forces [in the West], but either to the international public as a whole, or to left-wingers, including communists. . . . " Interrogation record of Soviet physicist and dissident Yuri Orlov, accused of supplying documents to Western human rights' groups, conducted by the KGB, December 29, 1977 53. The interrogator's reference to "imperialist states" is best understood in the context of which of the following? (A) Decolonization following the conclusion of the Second World War (B) The distribution of German colonies to Britain and France through the mandate system (C) The emergence of fascist states in Western Europe (D) Ideological conflicts associated with the Cold War 54. The interrogation recorded in the passage best demonstrates continuity with which of the following? (A) Stalin's program of economic centralization (B) Lenin's free-market reforms associated with the New Economic Policy (C) Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies (D) Stalin's policies toward political opponents 55. The Soviet regime's approach to dissent as exemplified in the passage would be most significantly changed as a result of which of the following? (A) The increase of diplomatic pressure from the United Nations (B) The resurgence of ethnic instability in Central and Eastern Europe (C) The implementation of Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost (D) The period of growth in Western Europe known as the "economic miracle"
53. D 54. D 55. C
"The Natives of New-Holland may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far happier than we Europeans; being wholly unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniencies so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a Tranquility which is not disturbed by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life, they covet not Magnificent Houses, Household-stuff, etc., they live in a warm and fine Climate and enjoy a very wholesome Air, so that they have very little need of Clothing. . . . Many to whom we gave Cloth left it carelessly upon the beach and in the woods as a thing they had no manner of use for. In short they seemed to set no Value upon any thing we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer them; this in my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessaries of Life and that they have no superfluities." James Cook, British naval officer, describing the inhabitants of Australia, 1770 9. Accounts of non-European peoples similar to Cook's portrayal of the inhabitants of Australia contributed most directly to the development of which of the following? (A) Romanticism (B) Enlightenment rationalism (C) Positivism (D) Nationalism 10. Compared to Cook's portrayal of the inhabitants of Australia in the late eighteenth century, the predominant European view of non-European peoples in the late nineteenth century had changed in which of the following ways? (A) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view less structured and hierarchical societies as more desirable political models. (B) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view lack of technological development as evidence of cultural inferiority. (C) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view economically undeveloped societies as fairer and more just. (D) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view climate as less significant than other factors in determining social development. 11. Cook's observations concerning the material culture of the inhabitants of Australia most clearly reflect the influence of which of the following developments in Europe? (A) The decline in power of the landed aristocracy relative to commercial elites (B) The increase in agricultural productivity known as the Agricultural Revolution (C) Protestant reaction against ornate forms of decoration and religious imagery (D) The expanded availability and use of consumer goods 12. Cook's voyages were primarily a result of which of the following eighteenth-century developments? (A) Competition among European powers to create commercial empires (B) Rivalries between Catholic and Protestant countries to gain converts overseas (C) Private support for scientific exploration (D) Efforts to secure new sources of labor for industrialization
9. A 10. B 11. D 12. A