AP EURO Semester 1 Final Review

Assuming the passage describes a "turning point" in the French Revolution, what statement best describes the next stage?

A radical phase was about to begin, one that would seek to overturn all existing institutions and remake France completely

According to the map, which of the following statements is true?

By 1600, Spain controlled most of coastal Central and South America

The Carlsbad Decrees limited the activities of all of the following groups EXCEPT

Catholic priests and Protestant ministers

How did the system of world trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affect the European inhabitants of New World colonies?

Colonial people sought to trade with each other, often regardless of home country restrictions on such trade

Burke's ideas in this work and his Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) sparked a political school of thought most often known as

Conservatism

In 1409, the Council of Pisa ________

Deposed both the Roman and Avignon popes, and elected a new pope

The Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned ________

Discipline

What philosophy of government is advocated in the passage?

Divine Right Monarchy

Although often seen as a political document, the Bill of Rights was produced by religious factors as well. Which statement most accurately addresses the religious aspects of this development?

England had long been troubled by open warfare between Protestants and Catholics

Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?

England, France, and Germany

The above maps represent what important development in history?

English Civil War

What historical evidence supports the contention that the image was not a scene from mid-eighteenth century England?

English farmland would most likely show enclosures.

A ruler who lived by the doctrine of "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" would most likely be a practitioner of

Enlightened absolutism.

The reference to "Only one ruler in the world" is most likely a reference to

Frederick the Great of Prussia.

Napoleon's "Continental System" was based chiefly on

French domination of most of the European continent

The image is best represented by which statement?

Government is a consequence of the desire by men for security in an insecure world.

Which two uprisings were fueled by nationalism and resulted in independence from another European power?

Greece and Belgium

Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance?

Greek studies

What characteristics make this work part of the Rococo style of the early eighteenth century?

It depicts an aristocratic family engaged in leisure activities.

What claim about the Seven Years' War is correct?

It was the greatest of the European wars of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and thus could be classified as a "world war"

The Magna Carta

Limited the power of the English King

Of the following, where would discussion of scientific or Enlightenment-era ideas most likely be found?

London coffeehouses

What was the chief consequence of the situation portrayed in the cartoon?

Louis XVI was forced to convene a meeting of the Estates General

Which of the following would be against the development of ideas that went against traditional teaching?

Ptolemy

The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of the _______

Renaissance

Which of these statements best summarizes trends in England and France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Royal power centralized, and national consciousness grew

In what way did rural, agricultural family life impede the adoption of innovative practices associated with what became known as the Agricultural Revolution?

Rural families were focused on maintaining a stable food supply and resisted changes that might threaten it.

Which of the uprisings on the map above was suppressed by its own domestic conservative government?

Russia

How does this image correctly represent the status of Russia in the early eighteenth century?

Russia was beginning to adopt the customs and practices of western Europe

The major powers at the Congress of Vienna included ________

Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain

In which country did the Napoleonic policy this cartoon critiques encounter the greatest difficulty?

Spain

The Habsburg-Valois wars were fought between France and ________

Spain

What is the best explanation for the appearance of this image in Diderot's Encyclopedia?

The Encyclopedia strove to document innovations that later became known as the Agricultural Revolution.

Between 1243 and 1480, Russia was ruled by ________

The Mongols

What idea associated with the Romantic movement of the nineteenth century did Caspar Friedrich demonstrate in The Polar Sea?

The power of nature is much greater than the influence of mankind

How does the painting reflect the place and time in which it was produced?

The work represents the "Golden Age" of the United Netherlands and the emerging Scientific Revolution

What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?

Thomas More

Which of the following is true of the Netherlands?

Toleration marked the Dutch religious life where peoples of differing religious faiths lived together peacefully

Why did the Carlsbad Decrees implement these particular restrictions and limitations?

University groups were viewed as promoters of liberalism and nationalism

Which of the following events completed the Glorious Revolution

William and Mary were proclaimed English monarchs

Under Oliver Cromwell, England was officially ________

a Puritan republic

The Law on Suspects and related measures could be considered a "turning point" in the French Revolution primarily because they produced

a conservative "counter-revolution"

The Storming of the Bastille (1789), the Women's March to Versailles (1789) and the September Massacres (1792) all reflect the sentiments expressed in the passage because each event was

a violent reaction to real or perceived inequities in French society

The description in the passage suggests that slavery in the Atlantic world of the eighteenth century was

a well-developed, organized and extensive system of forced labor

What was one specific legislative action that was taken shortly after the August Decrees to implement the stated goals?

adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________

agricultural economy and was dominated by the church

The passage above represents

allowing religious pluralism in order to maintain peace

Which of the following, along with the church, also regulated public morals?

city governments

In claiming the title "First Consul" in 1799 and then "Emperor of the French" in 1804 as he appears in the image, Napoleon sought primarily to

claim a legacy with ancient Rome

As a political outlook, nationalism was and is based on the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by ________

common language, culture, and perceived history

Which nineteenth century ideology triumphed with the issuance of the Carlsbad Decrees in 1819?

conservatism

What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king?

control over regions in Italy

What sequence of events preceded the Decrees of August 4, 1789?

financial crisis, meeting of the Estates-General, storming of the Bastille

In his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Luther urged the German princes to ________

force reforms on the Roman Catholic Church

According to Pascal's famous wager, ________

it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost

Romantics were drawn to the art, literature, and architecture of ________

medieval Europe

What feature of European history in this period is being described?

mercantilism

What specific group in Russian society led the uprising depicted in Karl Konrad's painting?

military officers who wanted to see the ideas of the Enlightenment implemented in Russia

The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________

monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain

Ultimately, the Hundred Years' War was about ________

national sovereignty

The first humanists were ________

orators and poets

The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.

property rights

The Thirty Years' War began as a(n) ________

revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king

The passage above, when applied to the late 16th and early 17th centuries, represents a continued reflection of?

social and economic upheaval in Europe

The term "Old Regime" has come to refer to the ________.

social, political, and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution

Of the following, what commodity did more to entrench the institution of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade than any other?

sugar

What was the consequence for international relations of the system described in Colbert's Dissertation?

tariff protection and other discriminatory trade practices that facilitated mistrust, competition and war

The spinning jenny resulted in major changes in

textile manufacturing.

What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?

textiles

During which part of the French Revolution does the "Law on Suspects" originate?

the "Reign of Terror"

What type of production became obsolete as a result of changes after 1765?

the "putting out" or domestic system

Who were the supporters of Charles I and Parliament in the English Civil War?

the Cavaliers and the Roundheads respectively

Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.

the Encyclopedia

The passage above represents the culmination of which of the following events?

the English Civil War

In what other seventeenth century European state existed a similar limitation on royal power?

the United Netherlands

The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.

the West Indies

Which of the following most likely resulted from this conflict?

the development of constitutional government in England

After Cromwell's death, the English were soon ready to restore ________

the monarchy and the Anglican Church

Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________

the natural world and human emotions

What was meant in the passage by "the feudal regime"?

the organization of French society into three distinct classes with special rights and privileges for the first two classes

What development is portrayed in both the map and the engraving?

the partitions of Poland

What common element of Romanticism do these two artistic pieces reflect?

the power and attraction of nature

By "Jacobinism" Burke is referring to which of the following?

the republican supporters of the Reign of Terror in France

The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that _________

the ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory

A new style of art called "mannerism," allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work.

the strange and abnomal

Which of the Decrees attacked what might be called the precipitating factor of the Revolution?

the unequal assessment of taxes

What motivated women to march to Versailles in October, 1789?

Bread remained scarce and prices high during the summer and fall of 1789

Which of the following situations MOST seems to be conforming to Machiavelli's advice with regards to religion?

Henry VIII's interaction with the Roman Catholic Church

Who is the most likely source of the excerpt?

Immanuel Kant

How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology?

Predestination was central to Calvin's theology

In what way did slavery and the transatlantic slave trade contribute to changes in the European economy?

Slavery increased production of certain commodities, like sugar, coffee and tea, which in turn generated a consumer economy in Europe

What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors?

the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them

Maria Theresa's great achievement was ________.

the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as a major political power

Why did German humanists rush to Reuchlin's defense when Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin for being a Jew?

to promote academic freedom and good scholarship

What impression was the artist trying to create in this portrayal of an early event in the French Revolution?

Heroic and nationalistic action was being fulfilled

Which Enlightenment-era thinker would have most likely expressed disagreement with Voltaire's poem?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which protestant leader had the most direct effect on France leading to this event?

John Calvin

The map indicates that Napoleon's greatness as a leader rested in part on

Napoleon's strategic and tactical genius

The Rococo style of this period gave way to an artistic reaction known as

Neoclassicism.

Generally speaking, the Black Death moved _____ through Europe

North and West

This event, the Women's March to Versailles in October, 1789, illustrates that

Versailles was seen as a symbol of the oppression and isolation of the king from the people

Following the events described in the passage, what development greatly complicated the issues involved in Revolution?

War broke out between France and Austria

Following the Oath of the Tennis Court, what institutional form did the French government take?

a constitutional monarchy

The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by the century's end it had established ________

a sea route around Africa to Asia's spice markets

The publication of this work, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, in 1651 reflected which of the following trends of the mid-seventeenth century?

application of a scientific and materialistic, rather than spiritualistic, understanding of life

In the 1700s, the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by _________.

inherited privilege

What development outside of revolutionary France paralleled de Gouge's assertion of women's equality?

In England, Mary Wollstonecraft made a similar assertion of women's rights

In #6, de Gouge is referencing which earlier work of the Enlightenment?

Rousseau's The Social Contract

Which of the following offers the most plausible explanation for the relative lack of prosecution in Russia?

The failure of Protestantism to spread east reduced potential religious tensions often related to witchcraft accusations

Based on the passage above and your knowledge, which of the following is the most correct statement?

This was a rare occurrence that could only happen in countries where politiques gained power

Endemic warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor ________

assisted the growth of Italian city-states

What was the principal reason for the changes depicted in the images?

exploitation of a weaker state by stronger states

Joan of Arc was executed on May 30, 1431 for the crime of ________

Heresy

Which of the following would have been the most vigorous opponent of a philosophy like Bossuet's?

John Locke

Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

Rococo

This painting best illustrates which of the following nineteenth century artistic movements?

Romanticism

Which of the following would be most likely to use the map above to support their political goals?

monarchs who supported the Council of Trent

The Seven Years' War was important in the European balance of power because it

occasioned a diplomatic "revolution" that aligned Great Britain with Prussia and France with Austria

Among the social and economic consequences of the bubonic plague was a ________

shrunken labor supply

The passage undermines what commonly held European view of African slaves?

Africans were inferior to whites and unable to develop higher skills like reading and writing

Which generalization is supported by the data in the map?

Areas with Protestant majorities had greater numbers of trials than areas with Catholic majorities

John XXII tried to return the papacy from ________ to Italy

Avignon

The Industrial Revolution came first to

Britain

This massacre resulted from tensions between the _______ French monarchy and the _______ French nobility

Catholic; Calvinist

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________

Central Mexico

Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies (with separated branches of government) for more than two centuries?

Charles de Montesquieu

Which of the following would be most likely to agree with the views represented in the document?

Elizabeth I

Based on your knowledge and the map above, which of the following statements is true?

European states exploiting religious conflicts to promote their own political and economic interests contributed to the losses shown.

What institutional circumstance in eighteenth century France produced the circumstance portrayed in the cartoon?

Exemptions of both clergy and nobles from taxation

Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?

Florence

The Hundred Years' War took place primarily in_____

France

In what sense was the war associated with the American Revolution a continuation of the Seven Years' War?

France sought to weaken Great Britain after its triumph in 1763

What factor contributed to the decision to enact the "Law on Suspects"?

France was at war and feared both internal and external enemies

Who was known as the "father of humanism"?

Francesco Petrarch

What was the central theme of the three papal bulls Boniface VIII issued between 1296 and 1302?

God has placed popes above monarchs

What policies did Sir Robert Walpole promote as chief minister in England?

He maintained peace abroad and promoted religious and political liberty at home

Which of the following dynasties is correctly identified with the region it ruled?

Hohenzollern dynasty in Prussia

King Louis XIV made life difficult for ________

Huguenots

Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?

Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means

How did the location of the palace reflect the concerns of the French monarchy?

Its location was sufficiently distant from Paris to offer security from Parisian mobs who threatened Louis XIV during the Fronde

Other than a royal residence, what other function did the palace serve?

Leading nobles of France were required to reside there

What was the most plausible explanation for Louis' actions on June 20, 1791?

Louis hoped to rally foreign support against the revolution in his wife's native Austria and elsewhere

What was the difference between the teachings on salvation of the Roman Catholic Church and those of Martin Luther?

Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works.

What irony accompanied the dissemination of Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century?

Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at least in part on slavery.

Goya's painting drew upon his reflections of the experiences of Napoleon's

Peninsular War in Spain

What does Delacroix's painting suggest about the participation in the 1830 revolution by different social classes?

People from a variety of social classes joined in the 1830 revolution

Which statement best explains the disparity between the data for England and for Scotland?

Radical Calvinism took root in Scotland while the more conservative Anglicanism was dominant in England

Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts?

Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic

Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation?

Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced

German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the ________

Schmaldkaldic League

These two men were best known for their contributions to the

Scientific Method

John Locke argues against absolute monarchy in his ________

Second Treatise of Civil Government

In what way was the Great Northern War (1700-1721) between Russia and Sweden a product of the image and the forces behind its publication?

Sweden was an obstacle to Peter the Great's ambition to gain ice-free ports in the Baltic Sea

What events provided context for this assertion of women's rights in France?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave radicals like de Gouge an opening to state their position

The Seven Years' War was preceded by numerous other general European wars. What best explains the role played by the European concept of "balance of power"

The conflicts were fought in order to prevent any one nation from becoming Europe's hegemonic power

What other mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth century development came alongside improvements in productivity?

The growth of existing large cities expanded rapidly.

Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?

The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy

What did Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, and Oliver Cromwell all have in common?

They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion

What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?

They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.

The Reformation in Zurich was led by ___________

Ulrich Zwingli

Peter the Great's inspiration for rebuilding his court in St. Petersburg was ________

Versailles

Which statement about European women by the middle of the eighteenth century is supported by the image?

Women were an integral part of a "family economy."

In which arena would women be most likely to participate in discussion of Enlightenment ideas or science?

a Parisian salon

Which of these provoked the Hundred Years' War?

an English claim to the French throne

The events that sparked the Reformation arose from an intersection of which developments?

anticlerical sentiments and Luther's call for reform

In what context was this 1780s cartoon created?

as a means of increasing revenue without taxation

What development in 1789 France precipitated the publication of this work?

debate over the voting procedure to be used in the Estates-General

A major factor in Napoleon's loss of empire was his

defeat in Russia

Voltaire's reaction to this event has often been characterized as

deism

One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________

editing the works of the Church Fathers

The map suggests that Napoleon's military successes contributed to what other Napoleonic accomplishment?

establishing the Napoleonic Code and abolishing local hereditary social distinctions

St. Petersburg ________

exemplified Russia's new orientation to the West

Additional paintings done by the same artist between 1790 and 1805 would most likely represent

further celebrations of successes and martyrs during the Revolution

The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the ________

growing cost of warfare

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made "enlightened" reforms part of their drive to ________.

increase revenues and gain political power

Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.

its rational approach

What social group suffered the greatest decline in power as a result of the Black Death?

landowners

What nineteenth ideology is reflected in this selection by John Stuart Mill?

liberalism

Under the rule of Peter the Great, Russia's boyars ________

lost much of their power

What were the two dominant models of European political development in the early modern period

parliamentary monarchy and political absolutism

The Women's March to Versailles was significant in the course of the French Revolution because it

placed the King and royal family within the reach of Parisian mobs

Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________.

protect and administer the colonies

The steam engine was revolutionary because it _________.

provided a virtually unlimited source of power

The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________

ruthless political expediency

The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann's application to continue her husband's study because ________

she was a woman

European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native Americans, including the ________

spread of measles and smallpox

Based on the map above and your knowledge, which of the following best reflects the result of what is shown on the map?

the failure by Habsburg rulers to restore Catholic unity

Which of the following might have resulted from work done by those who refused to accept tradition?

the heliocentric view of the cosmos

The losses reflected on the map above refer to

the loss of German population during that time

What nineteenth century tension does Turner highlight in this image?

the new technology of the Industrial Revolution and its interaction with natural world

The Peace of Augsburg recognized that ________

the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land

What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean? Correct!

to find a shorter route to the East Indies

The passage foreshadows what subsequent event during the French Revolution?

trial and execution of King Louis XVI

Renaissance art was much more likely than medieval art to attempt to represent ________

what we see

Nineteenth-century liberals derived their political ideas from the ________

writers of the Enlightenment