AP Euro Unit 4 Study Guide
Frederick's concerns expressed in the passage could best be understood as an argument against which of the following developments at the time he wrote his Political Testament?
An increasing emphasis on popular sovereignty in European political thought
The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
Aristotle
Which of the following activities did Adam Smith believe was most appropriate for a national government?
Defending the state against foreign invasion
In addition to the political pamphlets described in the passage, which of the following did the most to turn public opinion against the Old Regime?
Discussions in French salons and coffeehouses
Bentham's arguments concerning personal liberty reflect most closely the principles of the
Enlightenment
Voltaire's mockery of the notion of one true religion in the second paragraph of the passage is most directly influenced by which of the following?
Europeans' deeper awareness of the world's cultural diversity, gained through scientific exploration and travelers' accounts
Which of the following pairs of European rulers is generally identified as "enlightened" monarchs?
Joseph II and Catherine the Great
Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres?
Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion
The events shown on the maps best illustrate which of the following principles of international diplomacy in early modern Europe?
Maintenance of the balance of power
The passage above best reflects the argument of
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which of the following best explains why Enlightenment thinkers were interested in applying principles from the natural sciences to the interpretation and improvement of social and political institutions?
Natural scientists had developed predictive laws and rigorous methods for understanding natural phenomena.
Descartes' understanding of the human body, as shown in the image, is most similar to which of the following?
Newton's notion of a mechanistic universe
Frederick's testament was most likely intended to justify which of the following?
Prussia's adoption of enlightened absolutism
Which of the following developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries best explains why Enlightenment political thinkers called for the expansion of political rights and popular participation in governance?
The Commercial Revolution increased the economic power and influence of a wide segment of European society outside the traditional aristocracy.
The child-rearing practice illustrated in the engraving is best explained in the context of which eighteenth-century social change?
The increasing wealth and decreasing infant mortality, particularly in the upper and middle classes
A historian could best use Herberle's discussion of the comet as evidence for which of the following features of early modern intellectual life?
The persistence of a traditional view of the world as governed by supernatural forces
The worldview described in the passage became dominant most likely as a result of which of the following developments?
The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment
The influence of Newton's methodology described in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?
The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution.
Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?
The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works
Copernicus' citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?
The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world
The third paragraph was most likely intended to argue in favor of which of the following?
The view that religious belief was a private rather than a public matter
The eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with
critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge
Just as the reign of Louis XIV of France is often cited as an example of absolutism, the reign of Joseph II of Austria is often cited as an example of
enlightened monarchy
Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the grounds that he
publicly advocated Copernicus' heliocentric system
According to Adam Smith, the "invisible hand" would
reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic benefits
The author of the quotation above was most likely a
ruler influenced by Enlightenment precepts
The change in eighteenth-century thought described in the passage is best understood in the context of
the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions
The development of new political theories in the Enlightenment, such as those of Locke and Rousseau, can be explained as a reaction to
the growth of absolutist forms of government across much of Europe
Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that
the state is based on a social contract
The great scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led European scholars to believe that
the universe was orderly and operated according to fixed rules
