ap euro unit 4

voltaire

"human beings are rarely worthy to govern themselves"

philosophes

a group of french intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the age of enlightenment

rationalism

a secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason

empiricism

a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.

enlightened absolutism

term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

heliocentric

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

haskalah

the jewish enlightenment that advocated for freedom and civil rights for european jews

cottage industry

the poor needing new sources of income turned towards producing goods in their homes on a large scale for sale at market

jean jacques rousseau

the social contract -- moral compass

pietism

17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion

rene descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism

jansenism

A branch of Catholicism which resembled Protestantism. Emphasized need for God's grace in achieving salvation and the importance of original sin. Louis XIV took special actions to restrict the rights of this group and force them underground.

scientific method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions; created by francis bacon

johannes kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

describe the causes and consequences of the agriculture revolution

CAUSES: a. The human population increased, so more reliable sources of food were needed. b. The climate became more conducive to plant cultivation. c. The gradual experimentation by gatherers of wild plants (mostly women) led to dependence on plant cultivation. EFFECTS: a. The global population increased b. Labor divided into food-producing and non-food-producing jobs, creating hierarchies in economic and political organization of human societies. c. Social complexity increased and created greater differences in the responsibilities and powers of the genders. d. Population density increased leading to more diseases and a need for a higher birth rate. e. The types of pottery, irrigation, and metallurgy technologies increased.

describe the causes and consequences of the enlightenment

CAUSES: scientific rev, spread if ideas (printing press), idea of equality EFFECTS: consumer revolution, three branches of government, religious revival, race theory

describe the causes and effects of the scientific revolution

Causes: Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. Caused people to question old beliefs. During the era of the Scientific Revolution, people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries. Effects: New discoveries were made, old beliefs began to be proven wrong.

isaac newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

compare absolutism and enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism is an absolute monarchy in which the ruler follows the principles of the enlightenment by introducing reforms for the society, line premium of speech and the press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and ruining the accordance with the laws. Absolutism, the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator.

tycho brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

galileo galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

explain britains ascendancy as the dominant power in the 18th century

The lack of rivals, economic prosperity and Naval supremacy allowed Britain to continue to expand, becoming the world's first Superpower. More territory meant more trade, which meant more money which led to more territory. The Industrial revolution was born in Britain in the 1700s, and allowed huge economic growth, which brought even more money in, allowing them to become still more powerful, economically, politically and militarily, in the process.

compare adam smith's economic liberalism to mercantilism

The mercantilist nations believed that the more gold and silver they acquired, the more wealth they possessed. Smith believed that this economic policy was foolish and actually limited the potential for "real wealth," which he defined as "the annual produce of the land and labor of the society."

explain how the scientific revolution was a departure from medieval european science

The scientific revolution, which emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid research method, resulted in developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. These developments transformed the views of society about nature. (ex: belief of the four humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm; you got sick when one of the four humors was imbalanced; changed after scientific revolution with new ideas on the human body and revelations in the scientific field)

frederick the great of prussia

simplified laws, outlawed torture, swift and impartial justice, opposed emancipation

natural philosophy

an early modern term for the study of nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functions; it encompassed what we would call "science" today

deism

belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among enlightenment thinkers

enclosure movement

consolidation of traditional open fields to fenced in fields

francis bacon

developed the scientific method

explain the causes of the population boom of the 18th century

disappearance of bubonic plague, practice of inoculation, early public health measures, increased/better food supply

consumer revolution

early inklings of popular culture and consumerism

population boom

europe's population began to dramatically increase due to the bubonic plague disappearance, the practice of inoculation, early public health measures, increased/better food supply (ex. potato)

economic liberalism

free trade and competition

nicolas copernicus

hypothesized heliocentric universe

maria theresa and joseph ii of austria

joseph ii -- attempted to fully integrate jews into society

adam smith

lead figure of the scottish enlightenment -- developed the general idea of freedom of enterprise and established the basis for modern economics in his work

consider the impact of the enlightenment on changing attitudes towards marriage, family, childhood, sexuality, race, etc.

marriage -- greater personal agency, skyrocketing illegitimate births sexuality -- women turned to prostitution, same-sex relationships faced societal condemnation race -- separated groups by physical appearance rather than nationality childhood -- high infant mortality rate, women struggled to support children

enlightened absolutists

monarchs inspired by the enlightenment who embrace rationality. Most enlightened monarchs fostered education and allowed religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and the right to hold private property to their subjects. (frederick the great of prussia, catherine the great of russia, maria theresa and joseph ii of austria)

john locke

natural born rights to life, liberty and property

salons

regular social gathering held by talented and rich parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy

charles de montesquieu

separation of powers, checks and balances (gov't should have separate branches -- legislative, executive, judicial)

industrious revolution

shift towards wage work

development of race theory

similar to how scientists classified plants/animals, enlightenment thinkers tried to classify humans, europeans were "superior race", justified slave trade

explain the perspectives of enlightenment thinkers on human nature and society

tried to classify humans by race (immanuel kant-- four races derived from an original race) the "most superior race" were the Arains of northern germany; europeans saw themselves as racially superior, justified slavery; same-sex marriage faced societal condemnation; less traditional tolerance

catherine the great of russia

westernize russian culture, restrict torture, allowed some religious toleration, improved education, restricted jews to live in a certain territory

putting-out system

what the cottage industry was organized through between merchants and workers