AP Euro: WWI/Unit 8

Of the following, nineteenth-century European women were relatively more numerous and made the most influential contributions as A) popular novelists and writers B) developers of the new biological sciences C) classical musicians D) members of parliaments E) architects and engineers

A) popular novelists and writers

The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth century created the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following? A) Austria and Prussia B) Austria and Russia C) France and Prussia D) Russia and Greece E) Russia and Prussia

B) Austria and Russia

Which of the following best characterizes artistic movements in late-nineteenth-century Europe? A) An increased emphasis on personal expression B) A return to the restraint and symmetry of classical forms C) A rejection of nature as a subject D) Renewed dependence on royal and aristocratic patrons E) Concentration on religious themes

A) An increased emphasis on personal expression

The manifesto's reference to "beautiful ideas worth dying for" was most likely influenced by which of the following nineteenth-century intellectual movements? A) Romanticism B) Positivism C) Utopian socialism D) Social Darwinism

A) Romanticism

(Painting of a woman and her books being dragged by an eagle) Based on the painting, it can be inferred that Isto was most likely inspired by which of the following? A) Romanticism, which used strong emotions to foster a sense of shared local or national group identity B) Realism, which depicted ordinary people's lives to draw attention to pressing social problems C) Surrealism, which used depictions of dreams and visions to emphasize the newly discovered importance of irrational and subconscious motivations for human behavior D) Primitivism, which adopted styles and subject matter derived from imperial encounters to open debates about European acquisition of colonies

A) Romanticism, which used strong emotions to foster a sense of shared local or national group identity

Which of the following best explains the emergence of genocide as an aspect of conflict in twentieth-century Europe? A) The advent of new racial and other ideologies that justified exterminating minority populations B) The development of new weapons that enabled the mass killing of civilians C) The intensification of overseas imperial competition between European states D) The development of new technologies that rendered traditional military strategies obsolete

A) The advent of new racial and other ideologies that justified exterminating minority populations

(Passage from an account by a French army officer of the Battle of Verdun, 1916) The results of the attacks described in the passage are best explained in the context of A) the emergence of new technologies that disrupted traditional military tactics B) the increasing use of colonial soldiers from overseas in European conflicts C) the growth of propaganda as a means of mobilizing wartime populations D) governments employing genocide as a means of removing minority populations

A) the emergence of new technologies that disrupted traditional military tactics

(Passage from J. M. Roberts, historian, Europe 1880-1945, published in 1967) The debates referenced in the passage best reflect which of the following? A) Tensions between nationalists and socialists within the Russian government B) Conflict between Kerensky's moderate Provisional Government and the radical Bolsheviks C) Arguments within the Bolshevik movement about the application of Marx's theory of proletarian revolution D) Dissension within the Russian government over whether or not to participate in the Versailles peace talks

C) Arguments within the Bolshevik movement about the application

The Volpedo painting (Image 1) best exemplifies which of the following artistic movements? A) Romanticism B) Neoclassicism C) Realism D) Impressionism

C) Realism

Which of the following most directly facilitated the Axis military success alluded to in the second paragraph? A) The United States failed to ratify the League of Nations treaty. B) Strong racist ideologies developed in fascist states. C) The policy of appeasement pursued by Britain and France allowed Germany to rearm. D) The growth of fascist parties in Britain and France undermined those nations' resistance to Nazi Germany and fascist Italy.

C) The policy of appeasement pursued by Britain and France allowed Germany to rearm.

Which of the following was an important factor leading to the recognition of Greek independence in 1830? A) Ottoman support of Greek nationalism B) The decline of the Russian Empire C) The Serbian revolt D) Greek dominance of Mediterranean maritime trade E) European popular opinion inspired by a classical revival

E) European popular opinion inspired by a classical revival

(Picture: British poster, winter of 1915-1916) Which of the following best explains the context of the development alluded to in the image? A) As the First World War went on, fighting spread to areas outside of Europe, such as Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. B) As the fighting became stalemated during the First World War, revolutions toppled regimes. C) European powers sought to take advantage of the First World War to expand their empires. D) The mandate system created after the First World War led to local uprisings against foreign rule.

A) As the First World War went on, fighting spread to areas outside of Europe, such as Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

(Passage from Sir Fairfax Cartwright, British ambassador to Austria-Hungary, memo to the British Foreign Office, 1913) The willingness of Russia to support Serbia, as mentioned by Cartwright, is best explained by which of the following? A) Development of an increasingly rigid system of alliances involving all major European powers B) Attempts to unite all Slavic peoples into a single nation-state C) Initiatives to create an effective international disarmament treaty D) Efforts to block British influence in the Balkans

A) Development of an increasingly rigid system of alliances involving all major European powers

Which of the following most directly explains how the values Hobsbawm discusses in the first paragraph were undermined in the interwar period? A) Economic instability, combined with fears of another war, allowed fascist states to emerge as liberal institutions collapsed. B) New states that emerged in eastern Europe lacked the national unity required to create effective liberal governments. C) British and French preparations for another war against Germany undermined those nations' liberal political institutions. D) The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia inspired similar communist revolts in newly created eastern and central European states.

A) Economic instability, combined with fears of another war, allowed fascist states to emerge as liberal institutions collapsed.

Which of the following would tend to support Chirac's characterization of the attitude of the majority of French people toward Nazi ideology? A) French partisans resisting German occupation received widespread clandestine support. B) Free French forces operating outside France were supplied and equipped by Britain and the United States. C) Most of France was under direct German military control after France's defeat in 1940. D) French armies were rapidly defeated by German forces employing blitzkrieg tactics in 1940.

A) French partisans resisting German occupation received widespread clandestine support.

(Passage from Rajani Palme Dutt, "The Sabotage of Europe," article in the journal of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1920) Which of the following explains a possible limitation of Dutt's argument concerning the goals of the Entente in the second paragraph? A) Many of the new countries in central and eastern Europe were established as nation-states for ethnic groups formerly under imperial rule. B) Many of the new countries in central and eastern Europe were economically dependent on each other and the larger powers. C) Many of the new countries in central and eastern Europe had trade and territorial disputes with their neighbors. D) None of the new countries in central and eastern Europe had the same military potential as the Entente powers.

A) Many of the new countries in central and eastern Europe were established as nation-states for ethnic groups formerly under imperial rule.

(Passage from J. M. Roberts, historian, Europe 1880-1945, published in 1967) The results of the First World War in Russia described in the passage are best explained by which of the following? A) Russia's long-term economic and political problems, which were exacerbated by the strains of war B) Rising nationalist movements within the Russian empire that undermined Russia's war effort C) Russia's inability to mount offensives against Germany's major allies, Austria-Hungary and Turkey D) Russia's small population available for military service or industrial production

A) Russia's long-term economic and political problems, which were exacerbated by the strains of war

Which of the following is an accurate description of the overall trend of British exports versus imports shown by the graph? A) The annual value of British imports from the United States was greater than the annual value of British exports to the United States throughout the period 1925 to 1934. B) The annual value of British imports from the Soviet Union was less than the annual value of exports to the Soviet Union throughout the period 1925 to 1934. C) The annual value of British imports from the United States was greater than the annual value of British exports to the United States until the stock market crash of 1929, after which the annual value of imports was greater than the annual value of exports. D) The annual value of British imports from the Soviet Union was greater than the annual value of British exports to the Soviet Union until the stock market crash of 1929, after which the annual value of imports was greater than the annual value of exports.

A) The annual value of British imports from the United States was greater than the annual value of British exports to the United States throughout the period 1925 to 1934.

Kollwitz' depiction of workers and their families is best explained as a rejection of A) the Romantic emphasis on heightened emotion and individualism B) naturalistic depictions of everyday life characteristic of the Northern Renaissance C) dramatic portrayals of religious events characteristic of the Baroque period D) the Neoclassical use of stories and motifs from the ancient world

A) the Romantic emphasis on heightened emotion and individualism

Which of the following explains a possible limitation of Dutt's argument concerning the relationship between capitalist countries and Bolshevism as described in the third and fourth paragraphs? A) Dutt assumes that Bolshevism is ideologically opposed to capitalism. B) Dutt assumes that economic hardship leads directly to support for Bolshevism. C) Dutt assumes that capitalist countries have significant influence on events in Russia. D) Dutt assumes that Bolshevist ideas have spread outside Russia.

B) Dutt assumes that economic hardship leads directly to support for Bolshevism.

Which of the following would best support Chirac's admission that the roundup of Jews commemorated during the speech constituted a "collective mistake"? A) The Jewish population in France was smaller than the Jewish populations of many eastern European countries that also were subject to roundups and executions. B) French civil officials cooperated with German forces during the roundup. C) Allied war planners were reluctant to commit resources to preventing German extermination policies toward Jews and other groups. D) Jewish groups were able to form effective resistance units in some parts of Nazi-occupied Europe.

B) French civil officials cooperated with German forces during the roundup.

Claude Monet is associated with the beginnings of the artistic movement known as A) Romanticism B) Impressionism C) Realism D) Dadaism E) Cubism

B) Impressionism

The condition of the workers and their families as portrayed by Kollwitz is best explained in the context of which of the following? A) The failure of Germany to industrialize at the same time as Great Britain B) Industrial boom and bust cycles and the lack of an effective social safety net C) The abolition of serfdom in Prussia and the end of feudal obligations D) Shortages of skilled labor for newly mechanized industries such as textiles

B) Industrial boom and bust cycles and the lack of an effective social safety net

Of the following, which contributed most to Germany's defeat in the First World War? A) The spread of influenza among the German army and civilian population B) The effects of the Allied naval blockade C) The Allied use of submarine warfare D) The collapse of the Russian army in 1917 E) The Allied threat to use poison gas

B) The effects of the Allied naval blockade

Imperial reform efforts in nineteenth-century Russia had which of the following effects? A) The reforms enabled Russia to catch up with western Europe economically, by abolishing serfdom and other primitive practices. B) The reforms had the unintended effect of giving rise to radical revolutionary movements, which led to the Russian Revolution of 1905. C) The reforms succeeded in reducing ethnic tensions in the Russian Empire but did little to address Russia's economic backwardness. D) The reforms served as a model for the Soviet industrialization and collectivization campaigns of the 1920s and 1930s.

B) The reforms had the unintended effect of giving rise to radical revolutionary movements, which led to the Russian Revolution of 1905.

(Passage from an account by a French army officer of the Battle of Verdun, 1916) The battle described in the passage was significant in that it was part of which of the following developments of the First World War? A) The globalization of what began as a European conflict B) The stalemate that resulted from trench warfare on the Western Front C) The emergence of racial ideology as a motivation for conflict D) The breakup of large multiethnic European empires

B) The stalemate that resulted from trench warfare on the Western Front

Which of the following best explains how the spread of racialist beliefs such as Social Darwinism contributed to outbreaks of genocide in twentieth-century Europe? A) These belief systems were often seen as contradicting many of the central tenets of Christianity. B) These belief systems portrayed the relationship among nations as a struggle for existence. C) These belief systems were increasingly challenged by European scientists. D) These belief systems were often used to counter universalist ideologies such as communism.

B) These belief systems portrayed the relationship among nations as a struggle for existence.

Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union, noted by Hobsbawm as an exception to the regimes emerging from the First World War, contributed to the expansion of fascist states in the interwar period? A) Fascism and Bolshevism were ideologically very similar in their views on race. B) Western liberal democracies did not trust the Soviets and largely excluded them from diplomatic efforts. C) Soviet propaganda encouraged nationalist uprisings in eastern Europe. D) The Soviet Union was critical of western European overseas empires.

B) Western liberal democracies did not trust the Soviets and largely excluded them from diplomatic efforts.

(Painting of a woman and her books being dragged by an eagle) At the time the painting was produced, the style and subject of artworks such as Isto's Attack were being challenged by a new group of European artists who argued that modern art should A) return to its Renaissance and Neoclassical roots B) move beyond the representational and toward the abstract C) place itself in the service of the state's propaganda needs D) use mass-market imagery to comment on consumer society

B) move beyond the representational and toward the abstract

(Picture: British poster, winter of 1915-1916) The developments illustrated by the poster were most directly motivated by the spread of A) Marxist concepts of class conflict, which inspired revolutionary movements B) nationalism, which led to heightened conflict between ethnic groups C) anarchist political ideology, which led to attacks on the structures of governmental authority in terror campaigns D) resistance to European overseas empires by colonized peoples

B) nationalism, which led to heightened conflict between ethnic groups

The Allies' ability to reverse the early Nazi successes and achieve victory is best explained in the context of A) growing resistance to Allied colonial rule in Africa and Asia B) the greater industrial capacity and mobilization of the Allied powers C) the greater ability of fascist states to coerce their citizens D) the isolationist foreign policy followed by the United States in the interwar period

B) the greater industrial capacity and mobilization of the Allied powers

(Passage from Sir Fairfax Cartwright, British ambassador to Austria-Hungary, memo to the British Foreign Office, 1913) The tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary alluded to by Cartwright were most strongly exacerbated by which of the following? A) Ideological differences between the two countries' regimes B) Competition for overseas colonies C) A major arms buildup D) Austrian efforts to provoke nationalist unrest among Russia's ethnic minorities

C) A major arms buildup

Which of the following most accurately explains how improvements in technology led to improvements in European living standards over the course of the twentieth century? A) Advances in the power of military technology led to a decrease in the willingness of countries to engage in warfare. B) Advances in transportation allowed increasing numbers of Europeans to live in the countryside rather than the city. C) Advances in medicine, food production, and public health contributed to increased life spans and improved quality of life. D) Advances in communication technology allowed governments to have greater influence over individual citizens' lives.

C) Advances in medicine, food production, and public health contributed to increased life spans and improved quality of life.

Which of the following best explains why the destructive scale of European warfare increased in the twentieth century? A) European states could now draw on colonial empires for resources. B) European states began to implement mass mobilization of conscript armies. C) European states deployed new weapons and manufacturing technologies. D) European states were influenced by Marxist and communist ideologies.

C) European states deployed new weapons and manufacturing technologies.

(Passage from J. M. Roberts, historian, Europe 1880-1945, published in 1967) Lenin's quote in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following developments? A) Lenin's dogmatic adherence to the principles outlined by Karl Marx B) Lenin's growing acceptance of anarchist critiques of Marxist principles C) Lenin's willingness to compromise Marxist principles when necessary to achieve his goals D) Lenin's growing concern with the influence Stalin was exercising on the Bolshevik party

C) Lenin's willingness to compromise Marxist principles when necessary to achieve his goals

The instability that Cartwright attributes to Serbia's actions is best explained by which of the following? A) Socialist uprisings against capitalist regimes B) Colonial independence movements that challenged European domination C) Nationalist agitation that threatened multiethnic empires D) Diplomatic efforts to dismantle national governments in favor of a unified Europe

C) Nationalist agitation that threatened multiethnic empires

Which of the following best explains why many Europeans maintained a belief in the benefits of scientific progress throughout the twentieth century? A) New advances in science challenged previously held certainties about the universe. B) New communications technology allowed for greater imports of foreign culture. C) New technological developments made significant material improvements in the lives of most Europeans. D) New technologies deployed in warfare reinforced Social Darwinist beliefs regarding European superiority.

C) New technological developments made significant material improvements in the lives of most Europeans.

(Picture: British poster, winter of 1915-1916) Which of the following best explains Ottoman Turkey's significance in the outbreak of the First World War? A) Turkey's aggression against its neighbors heightened European tensions. B) Austria-Hungary remained hostile to Turkey based on their long history of conflict in the Balkans. C) Ottoman imperial decline created unstable new nations in the Balkans. D) Modernizers in the Ottoman Empire attempted to expand Turkey's industrial and military capacity, upsetting the balance of power.

C) Ottoman imperial decline created unstable new nations in the Balkans.

(Key Phrases: "Let nature be your teacher" and "bring with you a heart" ) The poem above reflects which of the following? A) Futurism B) Existentialism C) Romanticism D) Deism E) Pragmatism

C) Romanticism

(Image: Nazi political poster, The text reads: "Against Hunger and Despair! Vote Hitler!") The poster was most likely designed to appeal most directly to which of the following groups? A) Veterans of the First World War B) Members of the German Communist Party C) Workers unemployed as a result of the Great Depression D) Ethnic Germans living in newly created states in eastern Europe

C) Workers unemployed as a result of the Great Depression

Kollwitz' portrayal of the weavers is best explained as an attempt to A) inspire the authorities to repress social unrest B) warn working people against the dangers of socialism C) sympathetically depict ordinary people affected by social problems D) instill the sufferings of common people with religious meaning

C) sympathetically depict ordinary people affected by social problems

(Passage from an account by a French army officer of the Battle of Verdun, 1916) The conflict alluded to in the passage is best explained by A) the spread of Marxist ideology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries B) protest and insurrection among the populations of France and Germany C) territorial disputes and rival alliance structures involving the two countries D) the collapse of European empires as anticolonial movements developed in the early twentieth century

C) territorial disputes and rival alliance structures involving the two countries

The devastating impact of the Second World War on civilian populations in Europe is best understood in the context of A) the much longer duration of the war compared to that of the First World War B) the mobilization of women as industrial workers for war production C) the development of new technologies that enabled long-range attacks on enemy cities D) the stalemate that resulted from the emergence of trench warfare

C) the development of new technologies that enabled long-range attacks on enemy cities

Germany's development of Blitzkrieg tactics for use in the Second World War is best explained in the context of A) Nazi Germany's alliance with the ideologically similar regime of Fascist Italy B) German leaders' desire to minimize the destruction of conquered territories C) the greater size of Germany's population relative to France, its main opponent in the First World War D) Germany's desire to avoid the stalemate of trench warfare that had typified the First World War

D) Germany's desire to avoid the stalemate of trench warfare that had typified the First World War

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of British trade with the United States and British trade with the Soviet Union as shown by the graph? A) Overall British trade with the United States decreased more slowly in the period 1925-1934 than did overall British trade with the Soviet Union in the same period. B) Overall British trade with the United States increased between 1925 and 1934, whereas overall British trade with the Soviet Union decreased in the same period. C) Overall British trade with the United States decreased between 1925 and 1934, whereas overall British trade with the Soviet Union increased in the same period. D) Overall British trade with the United States remained significantly larger than overall British trade with the Soviet Union in the period 1925-1934.

D) Overall British trade with the United States remained significantly larger than overall British trade with the Soviet Union in the period 1925-1934.

(Passage from Fritz Todt, Nazi roads minister, 1930s ) The passage shows the influence of which of the following nineteenth-century movements on Nazi ideology? A) Anarchism B) Conservatism C) Liberalism D) Romanticism

D) Romanticism

By the late nineteenth century, artists' self-portraits would increasingly emphasize which of the following? A) Realist themes, which drew the audience's attention to the suffering of the working class B) Exotic themes, which reflected Europe's increased interaction with foreign cultures C) Positivist themes, which emphasized the improvement and perfectibility of humankind D) Subjective themes, which emphasized the portrayal of the artist's inner emotional state

D) Subjective themes, which emphasized the portrayal of the artist's inner emotional state

Which of the following would most tend to challenge Chirac's portrayal of France's response to German occupation and enactment of Nazi racial policies? A) The Vichy government was effectively dissolved by the German occupation of all of mainland France in 1944. B) The Vichy government was theoretically independent and never formally joined the Axis powers led by Germany. C) The Vichy government maintained control of many of France's overseas colonies. D) The Vichy government explicitly endorsed anti-Semitic ideas.

D) The Vichy government explicitly endorsed anti-Semitic ideas.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the balance of power in Europe was greatly changed by A) the rapid increase of the French population B) Britain's decision to concentrate on empire building in Africa and Asia C) Austria's interest in the Balkans D) the unifications of Germany and of Italy E) the emergence of an Ottoman threat to eastern Europe

D) the unifications of Germany and of Italy

(Key Words: "the expression of human emotion") The writers described above were associated with which of the following? A) The Renaissance B) Realism C) Classical liberalism D) Utilitarianism E) Romanticism

E) Romanticism

Caspar David Friedrich's painting The Wanderer Above the Mists shown above does which of the following? A) Foreshadows the calamities of twentieth-century warfare. B) Portrays intellectual detachment in an era of revolutions. C) Expresses loneliness characteristic of Neoclassical style. D) Pays tribute to a famous explorer. E) Typifies Romantic contemplation of nature.

E) Typifies Romantic contemplation of nature.

Which of the following explains a possible limitation of Dutt's argument concerning the future of the capitalist system in the third paragraph? A) Dutt assumes that the Bolshevik movement is not immediately in a position to overturn capitalism. B) Dutt assumes that capitalist governments are unable to respond to economic crises by taking steps to limit economic hardships. C) Dutt assumes that a significant share of industrial profits derives from the production of war material. D) Dutt assumes that war and economic hardship can provoke popular discontent.

B) Dutt assumes that capitalist governments are unable to respond to economic crises by taking steps to limit economic hardships.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the effect of the stock market crash of 1929 on British trade as shown by the graph? A) The stock market crash of 1929 had little impact on British trade with either the United States or the Soviet Union. B) The stock market crash of 1929 had a greater impact on trade between Britain and the United States than it did on trade between Britain and the Soviet Union. C) The stock market crash of 1929 had a greater impact on trade between Britain and the Soviet Union than it did on trade between Britain and the United States. D) The stock market crash of 1929 virtually halted British trade with both the United States and the Soviet Union.

B) The stock market crash of 1929 had a greater impact on trade between Britain and the United States than it did on trade between Britain and the Soviet Union.

(Image: Nazi political poster, The text reads: "Against Hunger and Despair! Vote Hitler!") Based on the poster and the context in which it was created, the Nazis were campaigning in response to the A) refugee crisis following the creation of a new Polish state B) economic crisis following the United States stock market crash C) hyperinflation resulting from the imposition of reparations payments on Germany D) loss of German colonial possessions in the settlements ending the First World War

B) economic crisis following the United States stock market crash

The following question refers to the topic of conflict and technology in the twentieth century. Which of the following most accurately explains the increase in the scale and destructiveness of European warfare in the twentieth century? A) The growth in representative government and democracy that allowed leaders to build broad support for military conflicts B) The expansion of anti-colonialist movements that led to high-intensity conflicts over much of the globe C) The increasing scarcity of natural resources that tended to magnify the intensity of international competition and conflict D) The influence of nationalism and universalist ideologies such as communism that tended to expand war aims

D) The influence of nationalism and universalist ideologies such as communism that tended to expand war aims

(Image: Nazi political poster, The text reads: "Against Hunger and Despair! Vote Hitler!") Which of the following best describes the purpose of the imagery in the poster? A) To discourage the middle and upper classes from supporting the Nazis B) To manipulate fear of spreading communism among Germany's working class C) To spread Nazi anti-Semitic and racial ideology among ordinary Germans D) To exploit bitterness and insecurity in Germany's Weimar Republic

D) To exploit bitterness and insecurity in Germany's Weimar Republic