AP European History Chapter 9 MCQ
The following question refers to the topic of the Cold War and contemporary Europe. Which of the following best explains the situation that led to the emergence of a divided Europe during the Cold War?
A Despite their alliance to defeat Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Western Allies' ideological differences led to political and economic divisions based on territory occupied at the end of the Second World War.
Fertility rate is a projection of the average number of children born to each women in her lifetime. Which of the following best describes the trend in Western Europe from 1960 to 2000 ?
A Fertility rates dropped steadily, with a slight rebound from 1990 to 2000.
French washing machine advertisement, 1950s Which of the following best explains why feminists of the time might have been skeptical of the message shown in the advertisement?
B Feminists saw that despite new freedoms they were still expected to fulfill traditional domestic roles as well.
The following question refers to the topic of technology in the later twentieth century. Which of the following best explains why the science of eugenics and genetic engineering caused significant debates in Europe in the latter half of the twentieth century?
B The possibility of selecting desired characteristics was similar to Nazi racial goals.
French washing machine advertisement, 1950s Which of the following would most limit the image as a source of information regarding gender roles and social change in 1950s France?
C Advertisers tend to present an idealized representation of the effects of their products on the lives of consumers.
"There is too little of everything— too few trains, trams, buses and automobiles to transport people to work on time, let alone take them on holidays; too little flour to make bread without [impurities], and even so not enough bread to provide for hard labor; too little paper for newspapers to report more than a fraction of the world's news; too little seed for planting and too little fertilizer to nourish it; too few houses to live in and not enough glass to supply them with window panes; too little leather for shoes, wool for sweaters, gas for cooking, cotton for diapers, sugar for jam, fats for frying, milk for babies, soap for washing." Hamilton Fish, American journalist visiting Europe, July 1947 Which of the following developments of the time best explains the United States attempt to remediate the conditions described in the passage?
C The increasing fears of communist influence in Western Europe
Gérald Bloncourt, French photographer, "Demonstration in Paris for Sécurité Sociale , May 1980 The banner reads: "Social Security in danger." "The right and access to health for all is threatened." Fight alongside the CGT." The CGT was a confederation of French trade unions. Neil Libbert, British photographer, "DHSS Benefit Office, Tavistock Place," London, 1987 The images are historically significant because they indicate the existence of tensions regarding the European welfare state resulting from
C high taxation and the economic slowdown associated with deindustrialization
The text reads: "American occupation is war" and "Let us free France from the Atlantic pact!" The poster was most directly a reaction to which of the following developments?
D American troops remaining in Western Europe as part of NATO commitments
The following question refers to the topic of postwar nationalism, ethnic conflict, and atrocities. Which of the following best explains why the collapse of the Soviet Union triggered ethnic conflicts in Eastern Europe?
D The absence of communist oppression allowed for the revival of nationalist sentiments and rivalries that had developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Source 1 Deputy: "Monsieur le ministre, they are selling a drink on the boulevards of Paris called Coca-Cola®." Minister: "I know it." Deputy: "What's serious, is that you know it and you are doing nothing about it." Minister: "I have, at the moment, no reason to act." Deputy: "This is not simply an economic question, nor is it even simply a question of public health—it's also a political question. We want to know if, for political reasons, you're going to permit them to poison Frenchmen and Frenchwomen." Debate in the French parliament, 1950 Source 2 "In Frankfurt there were many GIs, also in Heidelberg and Berlin; these cities were packed with Americans. And many of the hip-hop people from New York City were deployed here as well. Additionally, there was a large club scene, where groups from the United States performed. For example, in the early 1980s our crew called Universal Movements breakdanced with the Rock Steady Crew at the Frankfurt air base. . . . In 1983 the Funkadelic opened in Frankfurt. As far as I know, it was the first club in Germany which promoted Black music that was almost totally hip-hop orientated. This club would never have survived without a US-American crowd. In this way the whole thing developed and grew larger." Cutmaster GB, German hip-hop DJ, discussing events in Frankfurt in the 1980s, interview conducted in 2002 Source 2 is best understood as evidence of which of the following developments in Western Europe in the second half of the twentieth century?
A Imports of American culture in some cases generated enthusiasm, particularly among younger people and cultural minorities.
The following question refers to the topic of technology in the later twentieth century. Which of the following best explains why the invention of the birth control pill after the Second World War was seen as a positive development by many European feminists?
A It afforded women the opportunity to make more choices regarding careers, family, and education.
French washing machine advertisement, 1950s Which of the following best explains why the advertiser attempted to portray the washing machine in the manner shown in the image?
A It wished to convince French women that labor-saving devices would make their lives easier.
The following question refers to the topic of two emerging superpowers. Which of the following best explains the changed United States role in European affairs after the Second World War?
A The American desire to counter the perceived communist threat by binding Western Europe in trade systems and military alliances
"Arguably the most revolutionary movement in European history has been the progress made in integrating areas of western Europe with the ultimate objective of a united European state. The history of Europe since 1871 has been dominated by the German Question—by the need, and the general failure, to absorb the economic capacity and resources of Germany into an acceptable European political framework. An attempt to solve this problem has been, in my view, the greatest single achievement of the European movement. . . . In recent years Europe's sharpest and clearest dividing line, the Iron Curtain, has suddenly disappeared and Germany is reunified. The speed of these events has created a new urgency to clarify what we mean by 'Europe' and European integration. 'Eastern Europe' no longer exists as a separate socio-economic or geographical region. There is now only 'Europe'. In political terms Europe has been identified with the European Community, yet until now, the EC has been a western European phenomenon. With the collapse of Stalinist communism in eastern Europe, the tensions that were a recurrent feature of Europe prior to 1914 have erupted again. . . . The great task facing the European movement is to rise to the challenge of successfully integrating eastern Europe into the economic prosperity and subsequent political stability of a 'European Community'. David Welch, historian, Modern European History: 1871 to 2000, revised edition published in 2009. Which of the following would most directly support the author's argument in the third paragraph?
A The civil war in Yugoslavia that led to the breakup of that country
The text reads: "American occupation is war" and "Let us free France from the Atlantic pact!" The stance of the French Communist party in the propaganda poster is best explained by
B Soviet efforts to undermine Western governments during the Cold War
"I do not believe that Europe can have any living reality if it doesn't include France and her Frenchmen, Germany and its Germans, Italy and its Italians, and so forth. Dante, Goethe, and Chateaubriand* belong to all Europe to the extent that they were respectively and eminently Italian, German, and French. They would not have served Europe very well if they had been stateless or if they had thought or written in some kind of integrated Esperanto or Volapük.** But it is true that the nation is a human and sentimental element, whereas Europe can be built on the basis of active, authoritative and responsible elements. What elements? The states of course; for, in this respect; it is only the states that are valid, legitimate, and capable of achievement. I have already said, and I repeat, that at the present time there cannot be any other Europe than a Europe of states, apart of course from myths, stories, and parades. What is happening in regard to the Economic Community proves this every day, for it is the states, and only the states, that created this Economic Community, that furnished it with funds, that provided it with staff members; and it is the states that give it reality and efficiency, all the more so as it is impossible to take any far-reaching economic measure without committing a political action." *authors of significant works of literature **languages invented in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the intent of creating a universal international language Charles de Gaulle, French President, press conference statement on European integration, 1962 Which of the following best summarizes the evidence that de Gaulle most directly used to support his argument regarding the nature of the European Economic Community?
A The fact that individual states provide the funding and staffing for the organization
Fertility rate is a projection of the average number of children born to each women in her lifetime. Which of the following best describes the trend in Eastern Europe from 1960 to 2000 ?
B Fertility rates dropped slightly between 1960 and 1990, then dropped sharply from 1990 to 2000
The following question refers to the topic of the Cold War and contemporary Europe. Which of the following best explains the circumstances in which Western Europe began efforts to create the transnational union that would eventually become the European Union?
B It was an attempt to prevent a return to the political and economic instability that had characterized the first half of the twentieth century.
"Well now, look, let us try and start with a few figures as far as we know them, and I am the first to admit it is not easy to get clear figures from the Home Office about immigration, but there was a committee which looked at it and said that if we went on as we are then by the end of the century there would be four million people of the new Commonwealth or Pakistan here. Now, that is an awful lot and I think it means that people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture and, you know, the British character has done so much for democracy and law, and has done so much throughout the world, that if there is any fear that it might be swamped, people are going to be really rather hostile to those coming in. So, if you want good race relations, you have got to allay peoples' fears on numbers. . . . because at the moment it is about between 45,000 and 50,000 people coming in a year. Now, I was brought up in a small town, 25,000. That would be two new towns a year and that is quite a lot." Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, television interview, 1978 The concerns about immigration expressed by Thatcher in the passage were most consistent with which of the following positions held by many British conservatives?
B Resistance to full economic and political integration with Europe
"Arguably the most revolutionary movement in European history has been the progress made in integrating areas of western Europe with the ultimate objective of a united European state. The history of Europe since 1871 has been dominated by the German Question—by the need, and the general failure, to absorb the economic capacity and resources of Germany into an acceptable European political framework. An attempt to solve this problem has been, in my view, the greatest single achievement of the European movement. . . . In recent years Europe's sharpest and clearest dividing line, the Iron Curtain, has suddenly disappeared and Germany is reunified. The speed of these events has created a new urgency to clarify what we mean by 'Europe' and European integration. 'Eastern Europe' no longer exists as a separate socio-economic or geographical region. There is now only 'Europe'. In political terms Europe has been identified with the European Community, yet until now, the EC has been a western European phenomenon. With the collapse of Stalinist communism in eastern Europe, the tensions that were a recurrent feature of Europe prior to 1914 have erupted again. . . . The great task facing the European movement is to rise to the challenge of successfully integrating eastern Europe into the economic prosperity and subsequent political stability of a 'European Community'. David Welch, historian, Modern European History: 1871 to 2000, revised edition published in 2009. Which of the following would best support the author's claim about the distinctions between eastern and western Europe in the second paragraph?
B The admission of Poland and other former communist states into the European Union
The following question refers to the topic of postwar nationalism, ethnic conflict, and atrocities. Which of the following best explains why nationalist and ethnic conflict continued in Europe after the Second World War?
B The border shifts after the First and Second World Wars left many minority populations without national homelands or nation-states.
"I do not believe that Europe can have any living reality if it doesn't include France and her Frenchmen, Germany and its Germans, Italy and its Italians, and so forth. Dante, Goethe, and Chateaubriand* belong to all Europe to the extent that they were respectively and eminently Italian, German, and French. They would not have served Europe very well if they had been stateless or if they had thought or written in some kind of integrated Esperanto or Volapük.** But it is true that the nation is a human and sentimental element, whereas Europe can be built on the basis of active, authoritative and responsible elements. What elements? The states of course; for, in this respect; it is only the states that are valid, legitimate, and capable of achievement. I have already said, and I repeat, that at the present time there cannot be any other Europe than a Europe of states, apart of course from myths, stories, and parades. What is happening in regard to the Economic Community proves this every day, for it is the states, and only the states, that created this Economic Community, that furnished it with funds, that provided it with staff members; and it is the states that give it reality and efficiency, all the more so as it is impossible to take any far-reaching economic measure without committing a political action." *authors of significant works of literature **languages invented in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the intent of creating a universal international language Charles de Gaulle, French President, press conference statement on European integration, 1962 Which of the following pieces of evidence did de Gaulle most directly use to support his skepticism regarding the EEC's ability to unify Europe politically?
B The idea only existing in myths, stories, and parades
"There is too little of everything— too few trains, trams, buses and automobiles to transport people to work on time, let alone take them on holidays; too little flour to make bread without [impurities], and even so not enough bread to provide for hard labor; too little paper for newspapers to report more than a fraction of the world's news; too little seed for planting and too little fertilizer to nourish it; too few houses to live in and not enough glass to supply them with window panes; too little leather for shoes, wool for sweaters, gas for cooking, cotton for diapers, sugar for jam, fats for frying, milk for babies, soap for washing." Hamilton Fish, American journalist visiting Europe, July 1947 The author's report on conditions in Europe is best explained by which of the following developments of the time?
B The impact of wartime destruction and economic dislocations
The text reads: "American occupation is war" and "Let us free France from the Atlantic pact!" The fears the poster was intended to manipulate were largely in response to which of the following developments?
B The possibility that the Cold War could lead to a larger, potentially nuclear, conflict
The following question refers to the topic of two emerging superpowers. Which of the following best explains the significance of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe?
B They failed to meet their goals of reform, leading to uprisings against communist authorities such as the Hungarian revolt.
Gérald Bloncourt, French photographer, "Demonstration in Paris for Sécurité Sociale , May 1980 The banner reads: "Social Security in danger." "The right and access to health for all is threatened." Fight alongside the CGT." The CGT was a confederation of French trade unions. Neil Libbert, British photographer, "DHSS Benefit Office, Tavistock Place," London, 1987 Which of the following best explains the motivation of the group protesting in image 1 ?
B Working- and middle-class Western Europeans increasingly relied on government pension and health-care benefits.
Fertility rate is a projection of the average number of children born to each women in her lifetime. Which of the following best describes the overall trend on the table?
C Fertility rates declined across Europe from 1960 to 2000.
Gérald Bloncourt, French photographer, "Demonstration in Paris for Sécurité Sociale , May 1980 The banner reads: "Social Security in danger." "The right and access to health for all is threatened." Fight alongside the CGT." The CGT was a confederation of French trade unions. Neil Libbert, British photographer, "DHSS Benefit Office, Tavistock Place," London, 1987 The images are historically significant because they indicate the existence of tensions regarding the European welfare state resulting from Which of the following best explains the photographer's choice of composition and subject in image 2 ?
C He wanted to show the despair and poor conditions of the people who relied on the welfare state.
The following question refers to the topic of technology in the later twentieth century. Which of the following best explains why the development of birth control technologies led to moral debates in postwar European society?
C Many Europeans believed that control over reproduction was incompatible with their religious traditions.
"Well now, look, let us try and start with a few figures as far as we know them, and I am the first to admit it is not easy to get clear figures from the Home Office about immigration, but there was a committee which looked at it and said that if we went on as we are then by the end of the century there would be four million people of the new Commonwealth or Pakistan here. Now, that is an awful lot and I think it means that people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture and, you know, the British character has done so much for democracy and law, and has done so much throughout the world, that if there is any fear that it might be swamped, people are going to be really rather hostile to those coming in. So, if you want good race relations, you have got to allay peoples' fears on numbers. . . . because at the moment it is about between 45,000 and 50,000 people coming in a year. Now, I was brought up in a small town, 25,000. That would be two new towns a year and that is quite a lot." Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, television interview, 1978 Which of the following best explains why West Germany experienced issues similar to those discussed in the passage during the 1970s?
C Migrants from Turkey and other countries had come to West Germany in large numbers as temporary laborers.
The following question refers to the topic of two emerging superpowers. Which of the following best explains why the Soviet bloc experienced significant periods of unrest during the Cold War?
C Soviet central planning boosted industrial production, but limited individual freedoms and failed to provide the consumer goods present in the West.
Source 1 Deputy: "Monsieur le ministre, they are selling a drink on the boulevards of Paris called Coca-Cola®." Minister: "I know it." Deputy: "What's serious, is that you know it and you are doing nothing about it." Minister: "I have, at the moment, no reason to act." Deputy: "This is not simply an economic question, nor is it even simply a question of public health—it's also a political question. We want to know if, for political reasons, you're going to permit them to poison Frenchmen and Frenchwomen." Debate in the French parliament, 1950 Source 2 "In Frankfurt there were many GIs, also in Heidelberg and Berlin; these cities were packed with Americans. And many of the hip-hop people from New York City were deployed here as well. Additionally, there was a large club scene, where groups from the United States performed. For example, in the early 1980s our crew called Universal Movements breakdanced with the Rock Steady Crew at the Frankfurt air base. . . . In 1983 the Funkadelic opened in Frankfurt. As far as I know, it was the first club in Germany which promoted Black music that was almost totally hip-hop orientated. This club would never have survived without a US-American crowd. In this way the whole thing developed and grew larger." Cutmaster GB, German hip-hop DJ, discussing events in Frankfurt in the 1980s, interview conducted in 2002 Taken together, the two sources best provide evidence for which of the following postwar developments in Europe?
C The American political and military presence in Europe led to greater cultural influence.
The following question refers to the topic of the Cold War and contemporary Europe. Which of the following best explains how European thought and culture was marked by intensified anxiety and heightened subjectivity after the Second World War?
C The Holocaust and the development of nuclear weapons undermined faith in science and certainties about the superiority of European culture.
The following question refers to the topic of postwar nationalism, ethnic conflict, and atrocities. In which of the following ways did the civil war in Yugoslavia during the 1990s represent a significant change in European international relations?
C The conflict triggered a military intervention by NATO despite Russian objections.
"Arguably the most revolutionary movement in European history has been the progress made in integrating areas of western Europe with the ultimate objective of a united European state. The history of Europe since 1871 has been dominated by the German Question—by the need, and the general failure, to absorb the economic capacity and resources of Germany into an acceptable European political framework. An attempt to solve this problem has been, in my view, the greatest single achievement of the European movement. . . . In recent years Europe's sharpest and clearest dividing line, the Iron Curtain, has suddenly disappeared and Germany is reunified. The speed of these events has created a new urgency to clarify what we mean by 'Europe' and European integration. 'Eastern Europe' no longer exists as a separate socio-economic or geographical region. There is now only 'Europe'. In political terms Europe has been identified with the European Community, yet until now, the EC has been a western European phenomenon. With the collapse of Stalinist communism in eastern Europe, the tensions that were a recurrent feature of Europe prior to 1914 have erupted again. . . . The great task facing the European movement is to rise to the challenge of successfully integrating eastern Europe into the economic prosperity and subsequent political stability of a 'European Community'. David Welch, historian, Modern European History: 1871 to 2000, revised edition published in 2009. Which of the following would best support the author's claim at the end of the first paragraph regarding the German Question?
D The rapid and peaceful reunification of Germany at the end of the Cold War
"I do not believe that Europe can have any living reality if it doesn't include France and her Frenchmen, Germany and its Germans, Italy and its Italians, and so forth. Dante, Goethe, and Chateaubriand* belong to all Europe to the extent that they were respectively and eminently Italian, German, and French. They would not have served Europe very well if they had been stateless or if they had thought or written in some kind of integrated Esperanto or Volapük.** But it is true that the nation is a human and sentimental element, whereas Europe can be built on the basis of active, authoritative and responsible elements. What elements? The states of course; for, in this respect; it is only the states that are valid, legitimate, and capable of achievement. I have already said, and I repeat, that at the present time there cannot be any other Europe than a Europe of states, apart of course from myths, stories, and parades. What is happening in regard to the Economic Community proves this every day, for it is the states, and only the states, that created this Economic Community, that furnished it with funds, that provided it with staff members; and it is the states that give it reality and efficiency, all the more so as it is impossible to take any far-reaching economic measure without committing a political action." *authors of significant works of literature **languages invented in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the intent of creating a universal international language Charles de Gaulle, French President, press conference statement on European integration, 1962 Which of the following pieces of evidence did de Gaulle most directly use to describe his view of the nature of European culture?
C The literature of Dante, Goethe, and Chateaubriand
"Well now, look, let us try and start with a few figures as far as we know them, and I am the first to admit it is not easy to get clear figures from the Home Office about immigration, but there was a committee which looked at it and said that if we went on as we are then by the end of the century there would be four million people of the new Commonwealth or Pakistan here. Now, that is an awful lot and I think it means that people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture and, you know, the British character has done so much for democracy and law, and has done so much throughout the world, that if there is any fear that it might be swamped, people are going to be really rather hostile to those coming in. So, if you want good race relations, you have got to allay peoples' fears on numbers. . . . because at the moment it is about between 45,000 and 50,000 people coming in a year. Now, I was brought up in a small town, 25,000. That would be two new towns a year and that is quite a lot." Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, television interview, 1978 The concerns about immigration at the time of Thatcher's interview were most strongly reinforced by which of the following economic developments?
D The downturn resulting from the oil shock and declining industry in the 1970s
Source 1 Deputy: "Monsieur le ministre, they are selling a drink on the boulevards of Paris called Coca-Cola®." Minister: "I know it." Deputy: "What's serious, is that you know it and you are doing nothing about it." Minister: "I have, at the moment, no reason to act." Deputy: "This is not simply an economic question, nor is it even simply a question of public health—it's also a political question. We want to know if, for political reasons, you're going to permit them to poison Frenchmen and Frenchwomen." Debate in the French parliament, 1950 Source 2 "In Frankfurt there were many GIs, also in Heidelberg and Berlin; these cities were packed with Americans. And many of the hip-hop people from New York City were deployed here as well. Additionally, there was a large club scene, where groups from the United States performed. For example, in the early 1980s our crew called Universal Movements breakdanced with the Rock Steady Crew at the Frankfurt air base. . . . In 1983 the Funkadelic opened in Frankfurt. As far as I know, it was the first club in Germany which promoted Black music that was almost totally hip-hop orientated. This club would never have survived without a US-American crowd. In this way the whole thing developed and grew larger." Cutmaster GB, German hip-hop DJ, discussing events in Frankfurt in the 1980s, interview conducted in 2002 Source 1 is best understood as an early example of which of the following developments in Western Europe in the second half of the twentieth century?
D The greater influence of the United States in Europe generated opposition, as some Europeans feared the impact of consumerism and globalization.
"There is too little of everything— too few trains, trams, buses and automobiles to transport people to work on time, let alone take them on holidays; too little flour to make bread without [impurities], and even so not enough bread to provide for hard labor; too little paper for newspapers to report more than a fraction of the world's news; too little seed for planting and too little fertilizer to nourish it; too few houses to live in and not enough glass to supply them with window panes; too little leather for shoes, wool for sweaters, gas for cooking, cotton for diapers, sugar for jam, fats for frying, milk for babies, soap for washing." Hamilton Fish, American journalist visiting Europe, July 1947 The focus on material goods in Fish's analysis of conditions in Europe is best explained by which of the following developments?
D The growing influence of consumerism on American and European society
