AP European History Test

Geneva

John Calvin's city that was to become a model Christian community. A city whose laws matched the will of God or Calvin. Geneva was a refuge for persecuted Protestants.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's seminal work of systematic theology. Regarded as one of the most influential works of Protestant theology

John Knox

Scottish minister, theologian, and writer who was a leader of the country's Reformation. He was the founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland

Northern Renaissance

Scholars of the northern Renaissance created conditions that would help spring forth the Protestant Reformation as they read original Latin texts of the Church fathers and realized many discrepancies to the dominant Catholic orthodoxy. Northern humanists came from more diverse social backgrounds and were more devoted to religious reform than their Italian counterparts. The development of print, or moveable type, gave northern humanists, the Church and state new influence to popularize their viewpoints freely and to a wider audience.

Renaissance

1375-1527. "prototype of the modern world". Began in Italy. Renaissance Europe was characterized by growing national consciousness and political centralization, an urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism, and growing lay control of secular thought and culture. "Rebirth". Renaissance scholars embraced the Greek scholar Plato. Renaissance Italy the values of interests of the laity were no longer subordinate to those of the clergy and the laity established models in education and culture for the clergy to emulate. Renaissance art embraced the natural world and human emotions and gave their work a rational, even mathematical, order—perfect symmetry and proportionately reflecting a belief in the harmony of the of universe. Scholars of the northern Renaissance created conditions that would help spring forth the Protestant Reformation as they read original Latin texts of the Church fathers and realized many discrepancies to the dominant Catholic orthodoxy.

United Provinces of the Netherlands

A federation of seven states - Holland, Zeeland, Gelderland, Utrecht, Friesland, Overijssel and Groningen.

Presbyterianism

A part of the reformed tradition within Protestantism, which traces its origins to Britain, particularly Scotland. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is governed by representative assemblies of elders.

French Civil Wars

A period of civil infighting and military operations primarily between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). During the wars, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles.

Peter Paul Rubens

A proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality.

Union of Utecht

A treaty unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain.

Charles V

Agreed to a revival of the Imperial Supreme Court and the Council of Regency. Promised to consult with a diet of the empire on all major domestic and foreign affairs that affected the empire. He made abortive efforts in 1540-1541 to enforce a compromise between Protestants and Catholics. He was a Holy Roman Emperor.

League of Schmalkalden

Alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities. It was created in response to the threat (1530) by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to stamp out Lutheranism. Led by Philip of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony,

Gustavus Adolphus

Allowed the Swedish state to flourish and established it as a major power. Intervened in the 30 Years' War on the Protestant side.

Elizabethan Settlement

An attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs.

Defenestration of Prague

Although inflicting no serious injury on the victims, that act, known as the Defenestration of Prague, was a signal for the beginning of a Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II, which marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years' War.

Papal / Roman Inquisition

An attempt to combat heresy. Roman Catholics gathered up Protestants and had them converted or killed. They wanted to punish heresy all over Europe and the Americans. Wanted to get rid of religious dissent and make Europe Catholic again.

Oliver Cromwell

An English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England

Diet of Worms

An imperial council that was convened to decide the fate of Martin Luther. It was held in Worms, Germany. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V presided over the diet. ... The diet declared the Edict of Worms, which made Luther an outlaw and forbid anyone from helping him escape punishment

Artemisia Gentileschi

Baroque painter who painted "Susanna and the Elders," around 1610, and later created such works as "Madonna and Child, "Judith Slaying Holofernes" and "Cleopatra."

Indulgences

Basically a get out of hell free card. Sold by the Catholic Church as means to make money. They supposedly relieved people of their sins. It came to a point where you could buy them for anyone, including the dead. This was protested heavily by Martin Luther

Catherine de Medicis

Became queen of France in 1533 when her husband, Henry II, ascended to the throne. She introduced stylistic influences from her Italian homeland into the French court.

Puritans

Believed that God had formed a unique covenant, or agreement, with them. They believed that God expected them to live according to the Scriptures, to reform the Anglican Church, and to set a good example that would cause those who had remained in England to change their sinful ways.

Anabaptists

Believed that only adults should be baptized. They also believed sin was everything. It was formed out of the want for radical reform in Switzerland by Conrad Gribon and Felix Moritz.

El Greco

Best known for his religious paintings, of which the most famous today are 'The Disrobing of Christ

Absenteeism

Bishops and high ranking memebers of the clergy often held several different offices and were often never in their own churches. they sometimes even paid priest a small percent of their salary to preach in their place.

Ablrecht von Wallenstein

Bohemian military leader and nobleman who gained prominence during the Thirty Years' War, in the Catholic side.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul and he wanted to reassert church doctrine. Church discipline reform: Curtail selling of church offices and other religious goods, Bishops were forced to move to their appointed seats of authority, Strengthened bishops so they could do their job, Parish priest had to be neatly dressed, better educated, strictly celibate, and active among his parishioners. Council reaffirmed to the traditional Scholastic education of clergy; the role of good works in salvation; the authority of tradition; the seven sacraments; transubstantiation; the withholding of the Eucharistic cup from laity; clerical celibacy; reality of purgatory; the veneration of saints, relic, and sacred images; and the granting of letter of indulgences.

Dutch Reformed Church

Calvin was a French Protestant whose ideas about divinity and, particularly, predestination were influential with the Reformed Church and other Protestant groups in general. Calvinism in the Reformed Church meant that adherents believed their salvation or damnation was determined before they were born.

John Calvin and Calvinism

Calvinists believed strongly in both divine predestination and the individual's responsibility to reorder society accordingly to God's plan. Determined to transform and order society so men and women would act externally as they believed, or should believe, internally and were presumably destined to live eternally. Calvin stayed in Geneva and drew up articles for the governance of the new church and catechism o guide and discipline the people. Thought to be creating a "new papacy". Calvin's Geneva elected syndics who were both favorable to Calvin and determined to establish fill Genevan political and religious independence from Bern. The Peace of Augsburg did not recognize Calvinism.

Individualism

Came about during the Renaissance. It stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one's talents and capabilities. It was a quest for glory by exhibiting how an individual actually is instead of dramatics and exaggerations in artwork.

Mannerism

Came out of the Italian High Renaissance. It accepted the strange and abnormal, giving freer reign to the individual perceptions and mood of the artist

Catherine of Aragon / Anne Boleyn

Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII's first wife. She could not produce a male heir for him. He divorced her once he created the Anglican Church since the Pope would not bless a divorce. Anne Boleyn was Henry VIII's mistress then his wife once he divorced Catherine. She was beheaded when she also could not produce a male heir on the charge of treason.

Pope Leo X

Caused the Papacy to go bankrupt with the reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica. He had to pawn Papal jewels to make money. That was until he started selling indulgences. He sold them as means to get people into heaven. John Tetzel helped advertise these to the people for Pope Leo X.

Baroque Art

Characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture , painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music.

Charles I

Charles I ascended to the throne in 1625. His reign was marked by religious and political strife that led to civil war. He offended protestants by marrying a Catholic princess.

English Reformation

Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Henry VIII

Created the Anglican Church since the Pope would not allow a divorce between him and his wife Catherine of Aragon, who did not produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn. "Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived"

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Creator of the Baroque style of sculpture. He served eight different popes in his lifetime and contributed to a number of landmarks in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica and the Fountain of the Four Rivers

Edward VI

Crowned at the age of nine. First monarch to be raised Protestant

Elizabeth Tudor

Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. She was originally declared illegitimate. Took the Throne after Mary I died. She made it so there was a lasting religious settlement in England. Guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn asunder by religious differences. She passed the Act of Supremacy that repealed all anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and assured Elizabeth of her place on the throne. She also passed the Act of Uniformity which demanded an updated version of the Book of Common Prayer. She also passed the Thirty-Nine Articles.

Act of Supremacy

Declared Henry "the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England"

Henry IV

Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming king of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance.

Diego Velazquez

Early paintings were religious-themed, he became renowned for his realistic, complex portraits as a member of King Philip IV's court.

English Civil War

English Revolution where the Protestants fought the Crown in protest of Charles I marrying a Catholic

Lollards

English followers of Wycliffe. They preached in English and distributed Bibles in English. Once peasants begin revolting inspired by the teaching of the Lollards, political authorities declared it subversive and outlawed the movement.

James I

First ruler of both Scotland and England. He was James VI of Scotland and James I of England

Thirty-Nine Articles

Form the basic summary of belief of the Church of England. They were drawn up by the Church in convocation in 1563 on the basis of the 42 Articles of 1553. Clergymen were ordered to subscribe to the 39 Articles by Act of Parliament in 1571.

Huguenots

French Protestants Were under surveillance in France when Lutheran writings and doctrines began to circulate Paris. The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ended the 3rd war and acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility, granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre killed many Huguenots. Peace of Beaulieu granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom. Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right to assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns

German Peasants Revolt

German peasants believed Luther to be an ally and called themselves Lutherans. They followed Luther's teachings about Christian freedom and his criticism of monastic landowners. The peasants revolted against their masters in 1524-1525. Luther and his followers deemed them "un-Christian" and urged the princes to crush the rebellion without mercy. The freedom of the Christian was to be found in an inner restructure society by violent revolution, this idea by Luther encouraged the revolt.

Protestant Reformation

Grew out of the dissent of the Roman Catholic Church. People broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and became Protestant. The reformation sparked Luther's 95 Thesis.

Johann Tetzel

He spread the selling of indulgences. He went to people and encouraged to go buy indulgences from the church

Philip II

His reign as Spain's king began the Golden Age, a period of great cultural growth in literature, music and the visual arts. He was also the King of England through his marriage to Mary Tudor for four years

Pluralism

Holding several benifices(or offices) in the Church, often neglecting most of them. This was a sign of disorder in the Catholic Church, and many pluralists made significant profit off of their multiple titles. Pluralism came about largely through the practice of buying church positions and was one of the main faults many wanted reformed in the Church.

Printing Press

Johann Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type in the middle of the fifteenth century in Mainz, Germany which became the printing capital for all of western Europe. Books were rapidly produced on religious as well as practical topics like how-to books on child rearing, making brandies and liqueurs, curing animals, and farming.

William of Orange

Led the Glorious Revolution. He ruled England, Ireland, and Scotland

Ulrich Zwingli

Led the reformation in Switzerland

Index of Prohibited Books

List of books once forbidden by Roman Catholic church authority as dangerous to the faith or morals of Roman Catholics

Martin Luther and 95 Thesis

Luther posted his 95 Thesis on a church door. He was protesting the injustices and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. He was primarily attacking the selling of indulgences to the people. Luther wanted reform in the Church. This sparked Lutheranism which was based on belief in justification by faith alone.

Mary Tudor

Mary I took the throne and returned to how England was run under Henry VIII. She was oppressive of protestantism.

Battle of Lepanto

Naval engagement in the waters off southwestern Greece between the allied Christian forces of the Holy League and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to acquire the Venetian island of Cyprus.

Edict of Nantes

One of the first decrees of religious tolerance in Europe and granted unheard-of religious rights to the French Protestant minority. Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity

Twelve Articles

Part of the peasants' demands of the Swabian League during the German Peasants' War of 1525. They are considered the first draft of human rights and civil liberties in continental Europe after the Roman Empire.

Edict of Restitution

Passed eleven years into the Thirty Years' War on March 6, 1629 following Catholic successes at arms, was a belated attempt by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor to restore the religious and territorial situations reached in the Peace of Augsburg

Clerical ignorance

Priests and clergy members weren't educated enough. some were illiterate and/or couldn't write

Confessions of Augsburg

Primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation

"Priesthood of all believers"

Protestants believe that through Christ they have been given direct access to God, just like a priest. The belief in this does not preclude order, authority or discipline within congregations or denominational organizations.

Statute of the Six Articles

Reinforced existing heresy laws and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine as the basis of faith for the English Church.The Act was passed by Parliament in June of 1539. It remained Henry's policy toward reforms until his death.

Act of Succession

Required all those asked to take the oath to recognize Anne Boleyn as King Henry VIII's lawful wife and their children legitimate heirs to the throne. Anyone refusing to take the oath was guilty of treason.

Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns

Roman Catholic religious order of women founded at Brescia, Italy, in 1535, by St. Angela Merici. The order was the first institute for women dedicated exclusively to the education of girls.

Nepotism

Showing favoritism and hiring those close to you for positions they may not be qualified for

Jesuits and Ignatius Loyola

Society of Jesus. Organized by Ignatius Loyola in 1530s and officially recognized by church in 1540. Program of religious and moral self-discipline that came to be embodied in the Spiritual Exercises. Were taught to be good Catholics to deny themselves and submit without question to high church authority and spiritual direction.

Cardinal Richelieu

Sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state.

Teresa de Avila

Spanish noblewoman with Jewish roots who chose a monastic life in the Roman Catholic church.

Micheal Servetus

Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist

Christian Humanism

Sticking to your faith and learning about your religion while still focusing on other aspects of your life. Emphasizes the humanism of Jesus.

Pope Paul III

Sympathized with the reform movement mainly because he feared that the spread of Protestantism would greatly weaken Papal authority.

Bohemian phase

The Bohemian Revolt (1618-1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty, in particular Emperor Ferdinand II, which triggered the Thirty Years' War.

Dutch Revolt

The Dutch Revolt was the revolt of the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of the Roman Catholic Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces.

Tragedy at Munster

The Münster rebellion was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city of Münster. The city was under Anabaptist rule from February 1534, when the city hall was seized and Bernhard Knipperdolling installed as mayor, until its fall in June 1535.

The Peace of Westphalia

The Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg made the division of Christendom permanent. It recognized, in law, what had already been established in practice. The ruler of the land will determine the religion of the land. It intended to prevent high Catholic prelates who converted to Protestantism from taking their lands, titles, and privileges from them. Did not extend official recognition to Calvinism and Anabaptism as legal forms of Christian belief and practice (Calvinists revolted because of this, Anabaptists did not care enough to revolt)

Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada was a Habsburg Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion

Stuart Dynasty

The Stuart period of British history lasted from 1603 to 1714 during the dynasty of the House of Stuart. The period ended with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of King George I from the German House of Hanover.

Escorial

The building is the most important architectural monument of the Spanish Renaissance. Construction of El Escorial began in 1563 and ended in 1584. The building complex, severe in its lines, has four principal stories with large towers at each corner. Built by Philip II

Consistory

The council of cardinals, with or without the Pope.

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

Predestination

The divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

War of the Three Henry's

The last of the Wars of Religion in France in the late 16th century, fought between the moderate but devious King Henry III, the ultra-Roman Catholic Henri I de Lorraine, 3e duc de Guise, and the Huguenot leader Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre and heir presumptive to the French throne

Simony

The selling of indulgences

Katharina von Bora

The wife of Martin Luther, German reformer and a seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation.

Spanish Netherlands

There was a Dutch revolt in 1566 and a declaration of independence in 1581, and while the north part of the Netherlands was effectively autonomous from 1585 onwards, their independence wasn't formally recognized until 1648. In the hundred years of Spanish rule parts of the country were subject to Spanish occupation.

Catholic / Counter Reformation

This was the reaction of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. It was a reformation movement of the Catholic church to hopefully remove some of the corruption in the church at the time.

Politique

Those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else

William Tyndale

Translated the Bible from Latin to English

Tenebrism

Using profoundly pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image.

Erasmus, In Praise of Folly

Widely criticized the Roman Catholic Church of his day but remained a member and often debated with early Protestant Reformers.

The Defence of the Seven Sacraments

Written by Henry VIII against the 95 Thesis and Martin Luther. He defends the papal state.

Thomas Canmer

Wrote the Anglican Book of Common Prayer

Thirty Years War

fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague. Began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Habsburgs and the German princes. One result of the war was the division of Germany into many territories — all of which, despite their membership in the Empire, won de facto sovereignty. This limited the power of the Holy Roman Empire and decentralized German power. The Thirty Years' War rearranged the European power structure.