ITN 100 Chapter 5 Network and Transport Layers
Root Server
A DNS server maintained by ICANN and IANA that is an authority on how to contact the top-level domains, such as those ending with .com, .edu, .net, .us, and so on. ICANN oversees the operation of 13 clusters of root servers around the world.
Name Servers
A computer dedicated to providing responses to requests for Domain Name information.
Authoritative Name Server
A computer of the Domain Name System that knows for its domain the IP address of all computers and authoritative name servers in it.
Classless Addressing
A concept in IPv4 addressing that defines a subnetted IP address as having two parts: a prefix (or subnet) and a host.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
A distance vector protocol that uses algorithms to decipher which route to send data packets.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
A multicast protocol used between clients and routers to let routers know which of their interfaces has a multicast receiver attached.
Address Resolution
A process for determining a host's data link layer address if you know its IP address
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
A protocol aimed at regularizing and formalizing the practice of securing particular levels of service for traffic flows over the Internet.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
A protocol in the TCP/IP suite used with the command-line utility of the same name to determine the MAC address that corresponds to a particular IP address.
Internet Address Classes
A range of addresses.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A set of rules responsible for disassembling, delivering, and reassembling packets over the Internet.
ARP Cache
A table used to maintain a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.
Sliding Window
A type of data window in which block sizes are variable. Window size is continually reevaluated during transmission, with the sender always attempting to send the largest window it can to speed throughput.
Port Address
A unique address given to each application layer software package using TCP/IP.
Dynamic Addressing
A way of assigning Internet protocol addresses where a computer is assigned a temporary address from an available pool of addresses.
Application Layer Address
Also known as a server name. Application software that uses Internet addresses. Whenever a user types in an Internet address into a Web browser, the request is passed to the network layer as part of an application layer packet formatted using the HTTP protocol.
Data Link Layer Address
Also known as the physical address/MAC address. Is on the network interface card. Are needed only on multipoint circuits (which have more than one computer on them). Ex: 00-0C-00-F5-03-5A
Internet Address
An address that identifies a computer, person, or Web page on the Internet, such as an IP address, domain name, or e-mail address.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Cisco's proprietary hybrid protocol that has elements of both distance vector and link state routing.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Dynamically assigns IP address information (for example, IP address, subnet mask, DNS server's IP address, and default gateway's IP address) to network devices.
Flow Control
Ensuring that the computer sending the message is not transmitting too quickly for the receiver
top-level domain (TLD)
Identifies the type of organization associated with the domain.
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Internet directory service that allows devices and services to be named and discoverable
Network Layer Address
Is an IP address that is 4 bytes long when using IPV4.
Source Port Address
It's the port address of the sending application layer software package.
Connectionless Messaging
Means each packet is treated separately and makes its own way through the network.
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
Protocol that defines the type of packets used on the Internet to move voice or data from a server to clients. The vast majority of VoIP solutions available today use RTP.
Connection-Oriented Messaging
Sets up a TCP connection (also called session) between the sender and receiver.
Network Interface Port
TCP/IP port.
IP Gateway
TCP/IP terminology for a router that provides access to resources outside the local subnet network address. (A default gateway is the name given to the TCP/IP configuration entry for clients that identify the router they must use to send data outside their local subnet areas.)
Destination Port Address
The address of the receiver of a message in regards to using TCP/IP software.
Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
The operating system used on Cisco devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls.
Continuous ARQ
The sender does not wait for an acknowledgement after sending a message. It immediately sends the next one.
Console Port
The type of port on a router used to communicate with the router itself, such as when making programming changes to the device.
Interface
The way something allows you to connect with it
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol - provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.
Session
a conversation between two comuters
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
a dynamic distance vector exterior routing protocol used on the Internet to exchange routing information between autonomous systems
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
a dynamic interior routing protocol based on the SPF algorithm
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
a link state interior routing protocol that is commonly used in large networks
Autonomous System
a network operated by one organization, such as IBM or Indiana University, or an organization that runs one part of the Internet.
Quality of Service (QoS)
a special type of connection-oriented messaging in which different connections are assigned different priorities
Loopback
a type of interface not assigned to a physical port, and which is always up, and sometime used for testing (127 address range)
Reserved Adresses
addresses from 224-239 that belong to Class D and are reserved for multicasting
Broadcast Messages
addresses starting with 255
Static Routing
all computers or routers in the network make their own routing decisions following a formal routing protocol
Centralized Routing
all routing decisions are made by one central computer or router
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
an error-control protocol that requires the retransmission of a message until it is received without error.
Subnet Mask
any portion of the IP address can be designated as a subnet by using this
Private IPv4 Address Space
can only be used internally by organizations
Link State Dynamic Routing
computers or routers track the number of hops in the route, the speed of the circuits in each route, and how busy each route is.
Access Control List (ACL)
defines what types of packets should be routed and what types of packets should be discarded.
Unicast Message
one computer sends a message to another computer
Selective-Repeat ARQ
packets that are retransmitted may be only those containing an error
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
responsible for managing the assessment of network layer addresses and application layer addresses
Distance Vector Dynamic Routing
routers count the number of hops along a route
Dynamic Routing
routing decisions are made in a decentralized manner by individual computers
Interior Routing Protocols
routing protocols used inside an autonomous system
Multicasting
sending a message to a group of computers rather than one computer or every computer on a network
Resolving Name Server
server that requests corresponding IP address
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
simplest, interior error-reporting protocol, computer reports routing errors to message senders limited availability to update routing table
Segment
the Protocol Data Unit at the transport layer
Routing
the process of deciding which path to take on a network. This is determined by the type of network and the software used to transmit data.
Stop-and-Wait ARQ
the sender stops and waits for a response from the receiver after each data packet
Segmenting
to take one outgoing message from the application layer and break it into a set of smaller segments for transmission through the network
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
transport/network layer protocol used on the Internet
Exterior Routing Protocols
used between autonomous systems provide information about preferred/best routes instead of all possible routed
Multicast Message
used to send the same message to a group of computers
User Data Protocol (UDP)
used when the sender needs to send a single small packet to the receiver
Router
usually found at the edge of subnets because they are the devices that connect subnets together and enable messages to flow form one subnet to another